NUMBERS AND

OPERATIONS

SAT/GRE/GMAT

INTEGERS
POSITIVE ( 1, 2, 3. )
NEGATIVE ( . -4, -3, -2, -1 )
EVEN integers ( ...-6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6 )
ODD integers ( -5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5..)
Be in the lookout for integer references.

Underline
CONSECUTIVE
Plugging In.

INTEGER

questions:

Integers: Put It Together

EXERCISE 1 Page 29.
The product of three consecutive odd
integers will never be a multiple of:
A. 2
B. 5
C. 7
D. 9
E. 13

Integers: Put It Together

EXERCISE 2 Page 29.
If a, b, and c are consecutive integers,
and a + b + c = 210, what is the value of
the greatest of the three integers?
A. 69
B. 70
C. 71
D. 72
E. 208

Integers: Put It Together

EXERCISE 3 Page 29.
If m, n, and p are positive integers and mn
= 14 and np = 42, which of the following
could be the value of p?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 7
E. 14

Integers: Put It Together

EXERCISE 4 Page 29.

is defined as the least integer greater

than r.
is defined as the greatest
integer less than r. What is the value of
?
A. -54
B. -17
C. 17
D. 34
E. 5

Factors, Multiples, Primes &

Divisibility
A number is a FACTOR of an integer if it

divides evenly into that integer.

A MULTIPLE of an integer is any number
that is divisible by that integer.
A PRIME NUMBER is an integer greater
than 1 that can be divided evenly only by 1
and itself.
A number is DIVISIBLE by another number
if the result is an integer.

Factors, Multiples, Primes &

Divisibility: Put It Together
EXERCISE 1 page 31
The product of two consecutive odd
integers, both positive, will never be
divisible by which of the following?
A. 9
B. 7
C. 5
D. 3
E. 2

Factors, Multiples, Primes &

Divisibility: Put It Together
EXERCISE 2 page 31
Let
. Which of the following is the
next greatest prime number after
?
A. 7
B. 11
C. 23
D. 27
E. 29

Factors, Multiples, Primes &

Divisibility: Put It Together
EXERCISE 3 page 31
For any positive integer i, let
equal the
sum of all prime factors of i. What is the
value of
?

DIGITS AND REMAINDERS

A DIGIT is any integer from 0 to 9.
A REMAINDER is the integer left over

when you divide two numbers.

Digits &
Together

Remainders:

Put

It

EXERCISE 1 page 33
The remainder is 2 when x is divided by 4.
What is the remainder when x is divided by
2?

Digits &
Together

Remainders:

Put

It

EXERCISE 2 page 33
For the number 536, let p be the hundreds
digit, q be the tens digit, and r be the units
digit. In terms of p, q, and r, what is the
value of 536?

Digits &
Together

Remainders:

Put

It

EXERCISE 3 page 33
In the correctly worked addition problem

above, each letter represents a different

nonzero digit. What is the one possible
value of the two-digit number represented
above as BA?

Digits &
Together

Remainders:

Put

It

EXERCISE 3 page 33
In the correctly worked addition problem

above,
each
letter
represents
a
different nonzero digit. What is the one
possible value of the two-digit number
represented above as BA?

ABSOLUTE VALUE
ABSOLUTE VALUE is the distance between

the number and zero on the number line.

Positive value of the number.
Remember positive and negative values.
When solving equations, remove absolute
value signs and set up two equations.
Most ABSOLUTE VALUE questions can be
solved by Choosing Numbers or by
Plugging In.
Memorize for inequalities.

ABSOLUTE VALUE: Put It

Together
EXERCISE 1 page 35.
If
and
, what is the
range of possible values of x + y?
A. -7 < x + y < 3
B. -7 < x + y < 5
C. -2 < x + y < 5
D. -7 < x + y < 7
E. 3 < x + y < 7

ABSOLUTE VALUE: Put It

Together
EXERCISE 2 page 35.
How many integers are in the solution set
of
?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
E. 7

ABSOLUTE VALUE: Put It

Together
EXERCISE 3 page 35.
If
, what are the possible values
of y?

PERCENTS PART 1
Percents, decimals, and fractions can all be

used interchangeably. MEMORIZE.

PERCENT OF Questions.
PART / WHOLE Questions.
Remember IS OVER OF.

PERCENTS PART 1: Put It

Together
EXERCISE 1, page 37.
25% of 400 is equal to 20% of
A. 20
B. 80
C. 200
D. 500
E. 1000

PERCENTS PART 1: Put It

Together
EXERCISE 2, page 37.

The distance from B to C is what percent of

the distance from A to D?

A. 35%
B. 32%
C. 30%
D. 27%
E. 25%

PERCENTS PART 1: Put It

Together
EXERCISE 3, page 37.
The radius of a circle is decreased from 2r
to r. The area of the new circle is what
percent of the area of the original circle?
A. 50%
B. 40%
C. 35%
D. 25%
E. 20%

PERCENTS PART 1: Put It

Together
EXERCISE 4, page 37.
A store increased the price of a computer by
10% and then discounted the computer by 30%.
If the original price of the computer was p, and
the price after the discount was c, what is the
relationship between c and p?.
A. c is 20% of p.
B. c is 40% of p.
C. c is 77% of p.
D. c is 110% of p.
E.

c is 133% of p.

PERCENTS PART 2
PERCENT INCREASE / DECREASE.

MULTIPLE PERCENT CHANGE.

Multiple

percent
numbers (100 ).

questions

Choosing

PERCENTS PART 2: Build your

answer
After participating in a year-long weight loss program,

Alberts weight dropped from 300 lbs to 200 lbs. By what

percent did his weight decrease?

.
.
.

What is the change in Alberts weight?

What was his original weight?
Use the formula for percent increase/decrease.

PERCENTS PART 2: Put It

Together
EXERCISE 1 Page 39
The percent decrease from 64 to 48 is
equal to the percent increase from 60 to
what number?
A. 44
B. 75
C. 76
D. 84
E. 98

PERCENTS PART 2: Put It

Together
EXERCISE 2 Page 39
A potential car buyer makes an offer for a car
that is 80% of the sticker price. The salesperson
makes a counteroffer that is 10% higher than the
buyers initial offer. What percent of the sticker
price is the salespersons counteroffer?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

90%
88%
82%
80%
78%

CHECKPOINT REVIEW #1
EXERCISE 1, Page 40.
If x is a prime number greater than 2,
which of the following is NOT a factor of
8x?
A. 2
B. 2x
C. 4x
D. x2
E. 8x

CHECKPOINT REVIEW #1
EXERCISE 2, Page 40.
If
and a < 0 what is one
possible value of
?

CHECKPOINT REVIEW #1
EXERCISE 2, Page 40.
If
and a < 0 what is one
possible value of
?

CHECKPOINT REVIEW #1
EXERCISE 3, Page 41.
If a sale price s is 20% less than the
original price p, which of the following is a
correct expression for s in terms of p?
A. 0.2p
B. 0.4p
C. p 0.2
D. 0.8p
E. 0.05p

RATIOS
RATIO, a simple comparison of two

quantities. Set up - Fraction.

RATIO & TOTAL Questions, set up
equation / table.
Example: If a basket contains 35 blue
and red marbles, and the ratio of red
marbles to blue marbles is 3 to 2, how
many blue marbles are in the basket?
Method 1:
Method 2:

RATIOS: Put It Together

EXERCISE 1, Page 43.
Two investors are to share profits of
$14,000 in the ratio of 4:1. What is the
amount of the smaller share?
A. $11,200
B. $6,000
C. $5,600
D. $2,800
E. $2,000

RATIOS: Put It Together

EXERCISE 1, Page 43. SOLUTION 1.
Ratio 4:1
rewrite as 4x : 1x, where
4x = Largest share,
1x = Smallest share.
TOTAL PROFIT = 4x + 1x = 5x.
where 5x = $14,000.
x = $2,800.

RATIOS: Put It Together

EXERCISE 1, Page 43. SOLUTION 2
Plug in.
Start with C).
If the smaller share is $5,600 then the larger share is
($5,600)(4) = $22,400, but the total profit would be
$28,000, way too much!!!!
Try D)
If the smaller share is $2,800 then the larger share is
($2,800)(4) = $11,200, but the total profit would be
$14,000, now thats correct!!!!

RATIOS: Put It Together

EXERCISE 1, Page 43. SOLUTION 3.
TABLE

RATIOS: Put It Together

EXERCISE 2, Page 43.
The ratio of a to b is 1 to 7 and the ratio of
b to c is 7 to11, what is the value of
?

RATIOS: Put It Together

EXERCISE 2, Page 43.
Write the proportions given by the problem.

Multiply to get the desired proportion.

RATIOS: Put It Together

EXERCISE 3, Page 43.
In a mixture of peanuts and almonds, the
ratio by weight of peanuts to almonds is 3
to 4. How many pounds of almonds will
there be in 5 pounds of the mixture?

RATIOS: Put It Together

EXERCISE 3, Page 43. TABLE
Part (peanuts)
Ratio

Part
( almonds )
4

Whole

Multiply by
Actual
Numbers
Ratio
Multiply by
Actual
Numbers

5
Part (peanuts)
3
5/7
15/7

Part
( almonds )
4
5/7
20/7

Whole
7
5/7
5

RATIOS: Put It Together

EXERCISE 3, Page 43.
In a mixture of peanuts and almonds, the
ratio by weight of peanuts to almonds is 3
to 4. How many pounds of almonds will
there be in 5 pounds of the mixture?

3 : 4 = 3x : 4x
3x + 4x = 5 where 7x =
5
X = 5 / 7 replace into 4x
20 / 7 = 2.86

PROPORTIONS
PROPORTION, a statement that two ratios

are equal. This is a proportion

.
When units are involved, be consistent.
Setting up the correct proportion might be
a little hard.
Use them to solve scale, rate and recipe
questions.

PROPORTIONS: Put It
Together
EXERCISE 1, Page 45.
If a new car can travel 40 miles per gallon
of gasoline, how far can it go with a full 12gallon tank?
A. 120 miles.
B. 360 miles.
C. 400 miles.
D. 480 miles.
E. 540 miles.

PROPORTIONS: Put It
Together
EXERCISE 1, Page 45. Cross

multiplication ( Rule of three ).

PROPORTIONS: Put It
Together
EXERCISE 2, Page 45.
A certain color of paint is to be created by mixing
blue paint and green paint in a 1 to 5 ratio. If 2
cans of blue paints, each containing
gallons,
are to be used, how many gallons of green paint
must be used to produce the desired color?
A. 5
B. 7.5
C. 15
D. 22.5
E. 30

PROPORTIONS: Put It
Together
EXERCISE 2, Page 45.
Write the expression representing the

scenario, which refers to 2 cans of paint.

x = 15

PROPORTIONS: Put It
Together
EXERCISE 3, Page 45.
Sharon and Marvin each have x figurines to
paint. If Sharon can paint 1/4 of a figurine per
hour, and Marvin can paint 1/3 of a figurine per
hour, how many more minutes will it take Sharon
than Marvin to paint x figurines?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

60x
120x
150x
180x
240x

PROPORTIONS: Put It
Together
EXERCISE

3, Page 45. Choosing

numbers approach!!
Sharon can paint 1/4 of a figurine per hour
= Sharon needs 4 hours to paint a figurine.
Marvin can paint 1/3 of a figurine per hour
= Marvin needs 3 hours to paint a figurine.
This means, Sharon takes 1 hour ( 60
minutes ) longer.
If x = 1, plug in.
A) 60x, 60 ( 1 ) = 60

PROPORTIONS: Put It
Together
EXERCISE

3,
approach!!!!

This

Page

45.

Algebraic

means Sharon needs 1x hour

longer ( 60 x minutes ).

EXPONENTS
Memorize the basic exponent rules.
A negative number raised to an even power

is positive.
A negative number raised to an odd power is
negative.
EXPONENT

IS A VARIABLE Question,
work with same bases.
Watch out for expresssions that look alike
but are different.
Use your calculator to help you compute
numerical exponents.

EXPONENTS: Put It
Together
EXERCISE 1, Page 47.
If a3 = 8 and b3 = -1, then a2b2=.
A. - 8
B. - 4
C. 2
D. 4
E. 8

EXPONENTS: Put It
Together
EXERCISE 2, Page 47.
If 3x=93, then x2 =.

EXPONENTS: Put It
Together
EXERCISE 3, Page 47.

EXPONENTS: Put It
Together
EXERCISE 4, Page 47.
If x3 = a and x7 = b, which of the following
must be equal to x8.

EXPONENTS: Put It
Together
EXERCISE 4, Page 47. Plugging in

approach!!!

EXPONENTS: Put It
Together
EXERCISE 4, Page 47. Choosing

numbers approach!!!
Let x = 2.

Check the answers and look for 256 ( a = 8

& b = 128 )

SETS
OVERLAPPING SET, identify the overlap:
Total = Set 1 + Set 2 +Neither Overlap.
Venn Diagram.

SETS
Out of 500 students at Darien High School,

100 have laptop computers, 200 have

desktop computers, and 50 have both. How
many students have neither a laptop nor a
desktop computer?
METHOD 1: 500 = 100 + 200 + x 50,

250
METHOD 2:

x =

SETS
To determine the number of elements in a

SET OF CONSECUTIVE INTEGERS, first

substract the smallest from the largest and
then add 1. ( # integers = L - S +1 )
If Judy completed all of the questions from#2

through #92 on a test, but left the rest blank, how

many questions did she complete?
92 - 2 +1 = 91

SETS: Put It Together

EXERCISE 1, Page 49.
How many integers are there between 32
and 89 inclusive?
A. 56
B. 57
C. 58
D. 59
E. 60

SETS: Put It Together

EXERCISE 2, Page 49.
In the Smithville junior class, 14 students play
basketball, 12 play volleyball, and 9 play both
basketball and volleyball. If 37 students play
neither basketball nor volleyball, how many
students are in the Smithville junior class?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

45
51
54
63
72

SETS: Put It Together

EXERCISE 2, Page 49.

SETS: Put It Together

EXERCISE 2, Page 49. Venn Diagram approach!!!!!

TOTAL = 37+5+9+3 = 54

SETS: Put It Together

EXERCISE 3, Page 49.
What is the intersection of the set of prime
numbers and the set of even integers?

SETS: Put It Together

EXERCISE 3, Page 49.
Set of prime numbers
Set of even integers
INTERSECTION:

SEQUENCES
SEQUENCE Questions will usually ask you

to identify
numbers.

term

in

sequence

of

Write out the sequence ( enough ).

How you get from one term to the next.
Sometimes writing out terms is more than

enough.
REPEATING
SET
Questions
require
identifying a distant term in a sequence ( #,
letters ). Note the number of terms and use
multiples.

SEQUENCES: Build your

answer
In the repeating decimal above, which digit

is in the 1000th place to the right of the

decimal?
1. What is the repeating series of digits?
2. Which digit is in the 6th position? The 9th?

Which digit is in any position that is a

multiple of 3?
3. Which digit is in the 999th position?
4. Which digit is in the 1000th position?

SEQUENCES : Put It
Together
EXERCISE 1, Page 51.
Yoshiko

puts one penny on the first square of a

checkerboard, 2 pennies on the second square, 4 pennies
on the third square, and so on, doubling the number of
pennies on each successive square. How many pennies will
Yoshiko put on the sixth square?

SEQUENCES : Put It
Together
EXERCISE 1, Page 51.
Think or write out the first five terms of the

sequence.
SEQUENCE: 1,2,4,8,16, .

32.

SEQUENCES : Put It
Together
EXERCISE 2, Page 51.
Except for the first term, each term in a
sequence is found by multiplying the
previous term by 1/4. If the 5th term of the
sequence is 1, what is the 1st term?

SEQUENCES : Put It
Together
EXERCISE 2, Page 51.
1) Work it backwards.
If the 5th number is one.
The 4th is 1 x 4 = 4
The 3rd is 4 x 4 = 16
The 2nd is 16 x 4 = 64
The 1st is 64 x 4 = 256

SEQUENCES : Put It
Together
EXERCISE 2, Page 51.
2) Go Forward.
Let the 1st number be x.
The 2nd is
the 3rd is
The 4th is
& the 5th is
If the 5th term equals 1, then:

SEQUENCES : Put It
Together
EXERCISE 3, Page 51.
A sequence is formed by repeating the following 4
numbers
in the same order indefinitely.
What is the sum of the first 29 terms of the sequence?
A. 6
B. 7
C. 8
D. 28
E. 29

SEQUENCES : Put It
Together
EXERCISE 3, Page 51.
What is the sum of the repeating set?
-1 + 0 +1 + 1 = 1

How many terms are part of the sequence?

4

How many times will the sequence be fully

repeated?
7 times, as 7 x 4 = 28 terms.

What would be the 29th term?

- 1

Sum 29 terms = (1 x 7 ) + ( - 1 ) = 6

NUMBERS & OPERATIONS

STRATEGIES SUMMARY
Integers.
Absolute Value.
Percents.
Ratios.
Proportions.
Exponents.
Sets.
Sequences.

The difference between a

successful person and others
is not a lack of strenght, not a
lack of knowledge, but rather
a lack of will. Vince
Lombardi