ME2233 Mechanics of Materials I

Credit hours 3
Spring 2016 Lecture 19-20

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

18/5/2016 - 20/5/2016

Intro to torsion of Circular Members and power transmission

shafts
Derivation of torsional formula for thin walled and thick
walled cylinders
Co-axial compound Shafts
Stress-transformation (torsional loading) and torsional
failure modes
Related examples

Dr. Rizwan Saeed Choudhry

rizwan.saeed@cust.edu.pk

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,

Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

Torsion of Circular Members and power

transmission

By the end of this topic you should be able to at

least design equipment similar to this!

 Circular shafts subjected to

twisting couples or torques in
many power transmitting
devices
Turbine exerts torque T on the
shaft
Shaft transmits the torque to the
generator
Generator creates an equal and
opposite torque T

Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts

3-4

M6-02 Torsion theory for circular shafts

(additional figures to explain M6-02) (from BeerJohnston Dewolf)

Torque applied to shaft produces
shearing stresses on the faces
perpendicular to the axis.
Conditions of equilibrium require the
existence of equal stresses on the faces
of the two planes containing the axis of
the shaft
The existence of the axial shear
components is demonstrated by
considering a shaft made up of axial slats.
The slats slide with respect to each other
when equal and opposite torques are
applied to the ends of the shaft.

Axial Shear Components

3-6

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Shaft Deformations (additional figures to explain M6-02)

From observation, the angle of twist of the
shaft is proportional to the applied torque
and to the shaft length.
T
L

When subjected to torsion, every crosssection of a circular shaft remains plane

and undistorted.
Cross-sections for hollow and solid circular
shafts remain plain and undistorted
because a circular shaft is axisymmetric.
Cross-sections of noncircular (nonaxisymmetric) shafts are distorted
when subjected to torsion.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3-7

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Shearing Strain (additional figures to explain M6-02)

Consider an interior section of the shaft.
As a torsional load is applied, an element
on the interior cylinder deforms into a
rhombus.
Since the ends of the element remain
planar, the shear strain is equal to angle
of twist.
It follows that
L or

Shear strain is proportional to twist and

radius
max

and max
L
c

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3-8

M6-04 Allowable torque in a pipe shaft

1.

2.

In chapter 1 we derived a
basic formula for thin walled
tube under torsion. Apply
this formula on previous
problem and calculate the
difference in calculated stress
and actual at pipe inner and
outer surface
Also calculate the angle of
twist in previous case

D
T t
d
2 2
0
2T
t
D

Previous example by basic principles and

thin walled assumption

Compare the solution with the one from

theory developed in this lecture !

M6-06 Twisting of a compound torsion bar

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 3.1

SOLUTION:
Cut sections through shafts
AB and BC and perform static
equilibrium analysis to find
torque loadings
Apply elastic torsion formulas
to find minimum and maximum
stress on shaft BC
Shaft BC is hollow with inner and outer
diameters of 90 mm and 120 mm,
respectively. Shafts AB and CD are solid
of diameter d. For the loading shown,
determine (a) the minimum and maximum
shearing stress in shaft BC, (b) the
required diameter d of shafts AB and CD if
the allowable shearing stress in these
shafts is 65 MPa.

Given allowable shearing

stress and applied torque,
invert the elastic torsion
formula to find the required
diameter

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 - 13

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample
SOLUTION:Problem 3.1
Cut sections through shafts AB and
BC and perform static equilibrium
analysis to find torque loadings

M x 0 6 kN m TAB

M x 0 6 kN m 14 kN m TBC

TAB 6 kN m TCD

TBC 20 kN m

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 - 14

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 3.1

Apply elastic torsion formulas
to find minimum and maximum
stress on shaft BC

4 4
c2 c1 0.060 4 0.045 4
2
2

13.92 10 6 m 4

max 2

TBC c2 20 kN m 0.060 m

J
13.92 10 6 m 4

Given allowable shearing stress

and applied torque, invert the
elastic torsion formula to find the
required diameter

max

Tc
Tc

J c4
2

65MPa

6 kN m
c3
2

c 38.9 10 3 m
d 2c 77.8 mm

86.2 MPa

min c1

max c2

min
45 mm

86.2 MPa 60 mm

min 64.7 MPa

max 86.2 MPa

min 64.7 MPa

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 - 15

 Normal Stress in case of Torsional Loading

Coordinate Transformation

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Normal Stresses
Elements with faces parallel and perpendicular
to the shaft axis are subjected to shear stresses only.
Normal stresses, shearing stresses or a
combination of both may be found for other
orientations.

Consider an element at 45o to the shaft

axis,
F 2
A cos 45
A 2
max 0

45 o

max 0

F max A0 2

max
A
A0 2

Element a is in pure shear.

Element c is subjected to a tensile stress
on two faces and compressive stress on
the other two.
Note that all stresses for elements a and c
have the same magnitude
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 - 17

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Torsional Failure Modes

Ductile materials generally fail in
shear. Brittle materials are
weaker in tension than shear.
When subjected to torsion, a
ductile specimen breaks along a
plane of maximum shear, i.e., a
plane perpendicular to the shaft
axis.
When subjected to torsion, a
brittle specimen breaks along
planes perpendicular to the
direction in which tension is a
maximum, i.e., along surfaces at
45o to the shaft axis.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 - 18