RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Gross Anatomy Clinically Oriented anatomy Moore

Latest Edition
2. Embryology The developing Human - Moore Latest
Edition
3 Clinically Oriented embryology Snell Latest Edition
4. Clinical Neuro anatomy. Snell Latest Edition (4th
Semester)
5. Atlas of Anatomy with online access
Anne M. Gilroy
Brian R. Macpherson
Lawrence M. Ross
6. Cell Biology I & II (for 3rd and 4th Semesters)
i) Histology A Text and Atlas Micheal H. Ross
ii) The cell A Molecular Approach Geoffry M. Cooper &
Robert E. Hausmann

Classes

Theory Gross Anatomy

Embryology General
Cell Biology and Histology
Practical Classes Dissection and Histology practical
Dissection 4/ Week Mondays, Wednesdays, Thursdays 2-00 to
4-00 pm and Friday 10-30 to 12-30 pm

Sessions

3. 1st & 2nd sessions 5 weeks each (Teaching) followed by 1 week

Examination
3rd Session 6 weeks followed by 1 week of examination
EvaluationClass Tests- every week in each week. The tests in each session
may be 4 or 5 Counted for internal assessment
End of Session Insemester examination (1 hour 45 MCQ type
Question
Practical OSPE and Histology practicals
End semester Examination 2 hours 80 questions

INTRODUCTION TO
ANATOMY

Anatomy

Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome)

Disciplines of anatomy
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
Neuroanatomy

Approach to study of gross anatomy

Upper extremity
Back
Head and neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis and perineum
Lower extremity

Disciplines of Anatomy
Gross Anatomy: structures studied with
the naked eye.
Systematic anatomy: organized by systems,
e.g., digestive, nervous, endocrine, etc.
Regional anatomy: study of all structures in
an area of the body, e.g., upper extremity
bones, muscles, blood vessels, etc.

Anatomical
Position
Body erect
Head, eyes,
toes directed
forward
Limbs at sides
of body
Palms directed
forward

 Sagittal plane is a vertical plane that pass through the

body from front to back. The median or midsagittal
plane is the vertical plane that divides the body into
right and left halves.
Horizontal (transverse) plane divides the body or organ
into upper & lower portions.
Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body or organ into
front & back.

Planes of the Body

Terms of Direction

Medial = closer to median plane

Lateral = further from median plane
Anterior (ventral) = towards front of body
Posterior (dorsal) = towards back of body
Superior (cephalic) = towards head
Inferior (caudal) = towards bottom of feet
Superficial = towards surface of body, part
Deep = towards center of body, part
Proximal = nearer origin or attachment
Distal = further from origin or attachment

Basic Terms
Use correct terminology on exams; avoid
nonspecific, general terms, like front,
up, and behind.

Disciplines of Anatomy

Microscopic anatomy (histology)

Cell biology
Developmental anatomy (embryology)
Pathological anatomy
Radiologic anatomy (x-ray, CT, MRI)
Other areas? (surgery)

Sub disciplines of Anatomy

A. Developmental Anatomy (embryology)
B. Microscopic Anatomy or Histology - the study of tissues
C. Gross Anatomy- visible to the naked eye

Surface Anatomy - Anatomical landmarks

Systemic Anatomy - structures are studied in functional groups
Regional Anatomy specific regions of the body

D. Specialized Anatomy
Radiographic Anatomy Body structures that can be visualize with
X-rays

Pathological Anatomy- structural changes associated with diseased

Diagnostic Techniques
Palpation: feels body surfaces with hands
Auscultation: listen to body sounds
Percussion: taps on the body surface with
finger tips.

Organization of the Human Body

(Levels)

The human body is organized into cells, tissues, organs, organ

systems, and the organism.
Cells are the smallest living unit of body construction.
Tissues are group of cells working together. Examples are
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous
tissue.
An organ is a structure composed of several different tissues
performing a particular function. Examples include the lungs
and the heart.
Organ systems are groups of organs which together perform an
overall function. Examples are the respiratory system and the
digestive system.
The total organism is the individual human being.

Level of Structural organization

Systemic Anatomy

Skeletal System
Muscular System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic & Immune System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
Endocrine System
Nervous System

Anatomical Position

Directional Terms

Body planes and sections

- cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane

(also called coronal)

(also called XS cross section)