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Variance
(ANOVA)
JERSON E. SEBASTIAN
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE
ANOVA is a technique in inferential
DEGREES OF FREEDOM
The total degrees of freedom df is
DEGREES OF FREEDOM
(cont.)
The within-column df is equal
MEAN SUM OF
SQUARES
The ANOVA table also contains a
column for the mean sum of
squares which is computed by
dividing each sum of squares by
their corresponding degrees of
freedom :
F - RATIO
The F ratio is computed
using the formula:
F = MSSb / MSSw
EXAMPLE
Four groups of patients each were
EXAMPLE
Patient
Treatment
ABCD
1
10 11 3 6
2
9 11 4 10
3
6 18 5 8
4
7 6 7 11
SOLUTION
STEP 1: Ho and Ha
Ho: There is no significant
difference among the four
treatments. A=B=C=D
Ha : There is a significant
difference among the four
treatments. ABCD
SOLUTION
STEP 2:
= 0.01
(since this is a medical
concern)
STEP 3:
ANOVA or F-test
SOLUTION
STEP 4:
dft = N - 1
= 16 1 = 15
N = 16, since there are 4 patients
for each treatment
dfb = k - 1 = 4 1 = 3
k= 4, since there are treatments
SOLUTION
dfw = dft - dfb
= 15 3
= 12
Since dfb = 3 and dfw = 12,
therefore the critical value or
tabular value of F or ANOVA at
= 0.01 is 5.95
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SSt = x2 [(x)2/N]
= (266 + 602 + 99 + 321) [(32 +
46 + 19 + 15)2 /16
= 1288 1089
SSt = 199
SOLUTION
SSb = (1/r) (xij)2 [(x)2/N]
= (1/4) (2662 + 6022 + 992 +
3212 ) 1089
= 1182 1089
SSb = 92.5
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
MSSb = SSb/dfb
MSSw = SSw/dfw
MSSb = 92.5/3
106.5/12
MSSb = 30.83
MSSw =
MSSw = 8.88
F = 30.83/8.88
F = 3.474
SOLUTION
The ANOVA TABLE
SOLUTION
STEP 6 : Decision
EXERCISE
Three groups of students (each
composed
of
5
students)
are
subjected to one of the three types of
teaching methods. The grades of the
students are taken at the end of the
semester and enumerated according
to grouping. Test the hypothesis that
the three teaching methods are not
significantly different from each other
at .05 level significance.
EXERCISES(cont.)
QUESTIONS
THE END
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