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Path
Critical Path
Critical Activities
Forward Pass
2
CPM analysis
CPM Example:
4
CPM Network
f,f, 15
15
h,
h, 99
g,
g, 17
17
a,
a, 66
i,i, 66
b,
b, 88
d,
d, 13
13
c,
c, 55
e,
e, 99
j,j, 12
12
CPM Example
5
f,f, 15
15
ES and EF Times
a,
a, 66
0
h,
h, 99
g,
g, 17
17
i,i, 66
6
b,
b, 88
0
d,
d, 13
13
c,
c, 55
0
e,
e, 99
j,j, 12
12
CPM Example
6
ES and EF Times
f,f, 15
15
6
h,
h, 99
g,
g, 17
17
a,
a, 66
0
21
23
i,i, 66
b,
b, 88
0
d,
d, 13
13
c,
c, 55
0
21
e,
e, 99
5
14
j,j, 12
12
CPM Example
7
f,f, 15
15
ES and EF Times
h,
h, 99
g,
g, 17
17
a,
a, 66
0
21
23
21 30
i,i, 66
23
29
b,
b, 88
0
d,
d, 13
13
c,
c, 55
0
21
e,
e, 99
5
14
j,j, 12
12
21 33
Projects EF = 33
CPM Example
8
f,f, 15
15
LS and LF Times
a,
a, 66
0
21
d,
d, 13
13
21
c,
c, 55
5
e,
e, 99
5
24 33
i,i, 66
23
b,
b, 88
21 30
g,
g, 17
17
h,
h, 99
14
23
29
27
33
j,j, 12
12
21
33
21
33
CPM
CPM Example
Example
9
LS and LF Times
f,f, 15
15
6
21
h,
h, 99
18 24
a,
a, 66
21 30
g,
g, 17
17
10
10 27
b,
b, 88
0
d,
d, 13
13
c,
c, 55
0
12
24 33
i,i, 66
23
21
21
e,
e, 99
5
14
12
21
23
29
27
33
j,j, 12
12
21
33
21
33
CPM
CPM Example
Example
Float
f,f, 15
15
10
3
a,
a, 66
3
21
24
g,
g, 17
17
i,i, 66
10 27
d,
d, 13
13
0
c,
c, 55
7
12
21
21
e,
e, 99
7
23
b,
b, 88
0
h,
h, 99
14
12
21
23
29
27
33
21 30
24 33
j,j, 12
12
0
21
33
21
33
CPM Example
11
f,f, 15
15
Critical Path
h,
h, 99
g,
g, 17
17
a,
a, 66
i,i, 66
b,
b, 88
d,
d, 13
13
c,
c, 55
e,
e, 99
j,j, 12
12
12
Project Evaluation
Technique PERT
13
Variance: Vt =2 =
tp + 4 tm + to
6
tp - to
6
PERT analysis
15
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Probability computation
16
Probability
= tp
Time
18
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
PERT Example
19
PERT Example
20
PERT Network
D
C
B
F
G
PERT Example
21
Activity
Variance
A
Expected Time
6
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
4
3
5
1
4
2
6
5
J
3
5
4/9
4/9
0
1/9
1/36
1/9
4/9
1/9
1
1/9
4/9
PERT Example
22
Activity
ES
6
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
EF
0
LS
LF
Slack
0 *critical
0
4
5
9
6
9
6
9
6
11
15
20
9
6
7
12
13
6
9
13
9
13
9
11
16
18
7
13
19
14
20
1
13
18
13
18
0
19
22
20
23
1
18
23
18
23
0*
5
0*
0*
PERT Example
23
Vpath = VA + VC + VF + VI + VK
path
1.
2.
Critical activities
3.
4.
Limitations to CPM/PERT
25
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Critical index
27
28
Resource Constraints
Resource Constraints
29
Activity Duration
Calculation
31
t = activity duration
td = demobilization time
32
PROJECT COST
Cost consideration in
project
33
34
Cost consideration in
project
Project Crashing
35
Crashing
reducing project time by expending additional
resources
Crash time
an amount of time an activity is reduced
Crash cost
cost of reducing activity time
Goal
reduce project duration at minimum cost
Activity crashing
36
Activity cost
Crash
cost
Crashing activity
Slope = crash cost per unit time (cost
gradient)
Normal Activity
Normal
cost
Normal
time
Crash
time
Activity time
c = ( cD - cd )/ d - D
c is the cost gradient
cd is normal cost
cD is the crash cost
d is the normal duration
D is the crash duration
Time-Cost Relationship
Crashing costs increase as project duration decreases
Indirect costs increase as project duration increases
Reduce project length as long as crashing costs are less than indirect
costs
Time-Cost Tradeoff
Min total cost =
optimal project
time
cost
38
Crash cost
time
Example
39
Activity
0-1
1-2
1-3
1-6
2-4
3-5
3-6
4-5
5-6
5-7
6-8
7-8
Normal time
Tn
(Days)
10
20
40
28
8
0
10
30
20
24
10
12
cost Cn
(LE)
200
200
1800
500
150
0
100
3000
2800
1000
200
400
Crash time
Tc
(Days)
5
10
30
20
8
0
6
10
8
14
6
8
Crash cost
Cc
(LE)
300
300
2700
580
150
0
260
6600
3400
1650
520
520
Gradient
100/5=20
100/10=10
900/10=90
80/8=10
--160/4=40
3600/20=180
600/12= 50
650/10= 65
320/4= 80
120/4= 30
2
8
12
7
4
12
3
4
5
4
6
4
12
8
4
12
4
4
4
3000
2000
4000
50000
500
500
1500
75000
7
5
3
9
1
1
3
5000
3500
7000
71000
1100
1100
22000
110700
5
3
1
3
3
3
1
400
500
3000
7000
200
200
7000
R500
R7000
2
8
12
R700
7
4
12
R400
3
4
To..
Project
duration = 31
Additional cost =
R2000
42
Project duration = 36
6
4
5
4
R3000
From..
R200
R200
R500
R7000
2
8
12
R700
7
4
R400
3
4
R3000
5
4
R200
6
4
R200
Practice Example
A social project manager is faced with a project with the following
activities:
44
Activity Description
Duration
5w
12w
5w
14w
15w
4w