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Learning outcomes:
1. Explain how a cell can make a variety of large
molecules from a small set of molecules
2. Define monosaccharides, disaccharides, and
polysaccharides and explain their functions
3. Define lipids, phospholipids, and steroids and
explain their functions
4. Describe the chemical structure of proteins and
their importance to cells
5. Describe the chemical structure of nucleic acids
and how they relate to inheritance
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Rearrange these in
the correct order:
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Structural
formula
Ball-and-stick
model
Space-filling
model
A ________________affects a biological
molecules function in a characteristic way.
Compounds containing functional groups are
____________ (water-loving)(except methyl group)
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Testosterone
Estradiol
Dehydration
Short polymer
Monomer
Hydrolysis
Longer polymer
Unlinked
monomer
Short polymer
Dehydration reaction
forms a new bond
Longer polymer
Dehydration reaction building a polymer chain
Hydrolysis
breaks a bond
A
B
dehydration
synthesis
hydrolysis
Which picture
represents
Is water
removed or
added?
Are polymers or
monomers
formed?
20
CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides are
the main fuels for cellular work
used as raw materials to manufacture other organic
molecules.
Glucose
(an ______________)
Fructose
(a _____________)
6
5
Structural
formula
Abbreviated
structure
Simplified
structure
Glucose
Glucose
Maltose
Disaccharide formation by a dehydration reaction
Carbohydrates
_______________ is
composed of glucose monomers
used by animals for energy storage.
_____________
polymer of glucose
forms plant cell walls.
_____________ is
used by insects and crustaceans to build an exoskeleton.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Starch granules
in potato tuber cells
Glycogen granules
in muscle
tissue
Cellulose microfibrils
in a plant cell wall
Starch
Glucose
monomer
Glycogen
Cellulose
Hydrogen bonds
Cellulose
molecules
Polysaccharides
Chloroplast
Starch
0.5 m
1 m
Glycogen
Amylose
Amylopectin
LIPIDS
Glycerol
Fatty acid
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Fatty acid
(palmitic acid)
Glycerol
Structural formula of a
fat molecule
bond causes
bending.
Phosphate
group
Glycerol
Hydrophilic heads
Water
Hydrophobic tails
Water
Hydrophilic head
Water
Hydrophobic tail
Symbol for
phospholipid
Water
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tails
(a) Structural formula
Choline
Phosphate
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tails
(b) Space-filling model
Hydrophilic
heads
Water
Hydrophobic
tails
Water
WATER
What is X?
WATER
What is Y?
Cholesterol, a steroid.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
PROTEINS
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group
carbon
X
What is this molecule called?
What groups are X & Y?
Leucine (Leu)
Hydrophilic
Serine (Ser)
Carboxyl
group
Amino acid
Amino
group
Peptide
bond
Dehydration
reaction
Amino acid
Dipeptide
Fig. 5-18
What type of
reaction is this?
Peptide
bond
What is the
name of bond
W?
(a)
Side chains
Backbone
(b)
Amino end
(N-terminus)
Carboxyl end
(C-terminus)
Which is an
example of a
dipeptide &
tripeptide?
Groove
Groove
Amino
acid
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Proteins
Pix: Brooker 1e
Secondary structure
Amino
acid
Amino acid
Hydrogen
bond
Beta pleated
sheet
Alpha helix
Polypeptide
chain
Collagen
76
Hydrophobic
interactions and
van der Waals
interactions
Polypeptide
backbone
Hydrogen
bond
Disulfide bridge
Ionic bond
Tertiary structure
Transthyretin polypeptide
Quaternary structure
82
Amino acids
Secondary structure
Hydrogen
bond
Beta pleated
sheet
Alpha helix
Tertiary structure
Transthyretin
polypeptide
Quaternary structure
H3N
Amino end
10
Amino acid
subunits
15
20
25
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
Chains
Iron
Heme
Chains
Hemoglobin
Collagen
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic
acids
Protein
Amino acid
The flow of genetic information in the building of a protein
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nitrogenous
base
(adenine)
Phosphate
group
Sugar
Nucleotide
T
C
G
T
Part of a nucleotide
Sugar-phosphate
backbone
C
A
C
C
T
C
G
A
Base
pair
T
A
A
A
DNA double
helix
T
T
5' end
5'C
3'C
Phosphate
group
5'C
3'C
(b) Nucleotide
3' end
3'C
Sugar
(pentose)
Classes of Molecules
and Their Components
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Lipids
Glycerol
Functions
Examples
a.
b.
Starch, glycogen
c.
Energy storage
d.
e.
Phospholipids
Hormones
f.
Fatty acid
Classes of Molecules
and Their Components
Proteins
g.
h.
i.
Amino acid
Nucleic Acids
p.
Functions
Examples
j.
Lactase
k.
Hair, tendons
l.
Muscles
Transport
m.
Communication
Signal proteins
n.
Antibodies
Storage
Receive signals
Egg albumin
Receptor protein
Heredity
r.
s.
o.
Nucleotide
q.