P613 05A Lec 06 Rate Relations (050302)

Petroleum Engineering 613
Natural Gas Engineering

Texas A&M University
Lecture 06:
Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

for Oil and Gas Flow
T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.
Department of Petroleum Engineering
College Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.845.2292 t-blasingame@tamu.edu
PETE

Slide 1
Rate Relations for Oil and Gas Flow

Historical Perspectives
"Backpressure" equation.
Arps relations (exponential, hyperbolic, and harmonic).
Derivation of Arps' exponential decline relation.
Validation of Arps' hyperbolic decline relation.
Specialized Gas Flow Relations:
Fetkovich Gas Flow Relation.

Ansah-Buba-Knowles Gas Flow Relations.
Specialized Oil Flow Relations:

Fetkovich Oil Flow Relation.
Inflow Performance Relations (IPR):

Early work (for rationale).
Oil IPR and Solution-Gas Drive IPR.
Gas Condensate IPR.
PETE

Slide 2
History: Deliverability/"Backpressure" Equation

Gas Well Deliverability:
The original well deliverability
relation was completely empirical (derived from observations),
and is given as:
qg C( p2 p2 )n
wf
This relationship is rigorous for

low pressure gas reservoirs,
(n=1 for laminar flow).
From: Back-Pressure Data on NaturalGas Wells and Their Application to

Production Practices Rawlins and
Schellhardt (USBM Monograph, 1935).
PETE

Slide 3
History: p2 Diffusivity Equations

Diffusivity Equations for a "Dry Gas:" p2 Relations
p2 Form Full Formulation:
g ct 2
( p ) 2 [ln( g z )]( p )
(p )
k t
p
2
2 2
p2 Form Approximation:
g ct 2
(p )
(p )
k t
2
PETE

Slide 4
History: Gas p2 Condition ( gz vs. p, T=200 Deg F)
"Dry Gas" PVT Properties: ( gz vs. p)

Basis for the "pressure-squared" approximation (i.e., use of p2 variable).
Concept: ( gz) = constant, valid only for p<2000 psia.
PETE

Slide 5
History: Gas p2 Condition ( gz vs. p, T=200 Deg F)

g z
p
p
ppg
dp
p
p pn base g z
"Dry Gas" PVT Properties: ( gz vs. p)
Concept: IF ( gz) = constant, THEN p2-variable valid.

( gz) constant for p<2000 psia.
Even with numerical solutions, p2 formulation would not be appropriate.
PETE

Slide 6
History: "Arps" Equations

Arps' (Empirical) Rate Relations:
Exponential decline case (conservative).
Harmonic decline case (liberal).
Hyperbolic decline case (everything in between).
Fetkovich (Radial Flow) Decline Type Curve:

Exponential, hyperbolic, harmonic decline cases.
Derivation of the Arps' Exponential Rate Relation:

Combination of liquid material balance and liquid pseudosteady-state flow equation solved for pwf constant.
Useful for deriving auxiliary relations (cumulative production
functions, in particular).
Derivation of the Arps' Hyperbolic Rate Relation:

Interesting exercise, limited practical value.
PETE

Slide 7
Arps Relations: Summary

Flowrate-Time Relations:
Exponential: (b=0)
Hyperbolic: (0<b<1)
Harmonic: (b=1)
(1/2)
q qi exp( Di t )
q
qi
(1 bDi t )1 / b
qi
q
(1 Di t )
Cumulative Production-Time Relations:

Exponential: (b=0)
Hyperbolic: (0<b<1)
Harmonic: (b=1)
PETE
q
N p i [1 exp( Di t )]
Di
qi
Np
[1 (1 bDi t )11 / b ]
(1 b) Di
q
N p i ln(1 Di t )
Di

Slide 8
Arps Relations: Summary
(2/2)
Flowrate-Cumulative Production Relations:

Exponential: (b=0)
q qi Di N p
Plot of: q versus Np
Hyperbolic: (0<b<1)
q1b
(1 b) Di
qi
(N N p )
qi b
or ( N N p )
q1b Plot of: log(N-Np) versus log(q)
(1 b) Di
Harmonic: (b=1)
Di
q qi exp
Np
qi
PETE
Plot of: log(q) versus Np

Slide 9
Arps Relations: Example 1
(1/2)
a. q qi exp( Di t )
q
(Exponential)
qi
(Hyperbolic)
(1 bDi t )1 / b
b. q qi Di N p
qi
q
(1 b) Di
a. Semilog "Rate-Time" Plot: Barnett Gas

Field.
b. Cartesian "Rate-Cumulative" Plot:

Barnett Gas Field (North Texas).
PETE
(Exponential)
1
1b
(N N p
qi b
(N N p )
q1b
(1 b) Di
c.
1
)1b
(Hyperbolic)
(Hyperbolic)
c. Log-Log "(G-Gp)-Rate" Plot: Barnett Gas

Field (North Texas).

Slide 10
q qi exp( Di t )
(Exponential)
(2/2)
qi
(1 bDit )1 / b
(Hyperbolic)
EUR Analysis: Barnett Field (North Texas (USA))

Semilog "Rate-Time" Plot: Barnett Gas Field.
Note data scatter and apparent fit of hyperbolic function.
PETE

Slide 11
(1/2)
a. q qi exp( Di t )
q
(Exponential)
qi
(Hyperbolic)
(1 bDi t )1 / b
b. q qi Di N p
qi
q
(1 b) Di
a. Semilog "Rate-Time" Plot: SPE 84287

East Texas Gas Well 1.
b. Cartesian "Rate-Cumulative" Plot: SPE

84287 East Texas Gas Well 1.
PETE
(Exponential)
1
1b
(N N p
qi b
(N N p )
q1b
(1 b) Di
c.
1
)1b
(Hyperbolic)
(Hyperbolic)
c. Log-Log "(G-Gp)-Rate" Plot: SPE 84287

East Texas Gas Well 1.

Slide 12
q qi exp( Di t )
(Exponential)
(2/2)
qi
(1 bDit )1 / b
(Hyperbolic)
EUR Analysis: SPE 84278 Well 1 (East Texas (USA))

Combination "Rate-Time" and "Pressure-Time" plot.
Note pressure buildup (used to check with PTA).
PETE

Slide 13
Fetkovich Decline Type Curve: Empirical
Fetkovich "Empirical" Decline Type Curve:

Log-log "type curve" for the Arps "decline curves" (Fetkovich, 1973).
Initially designed as a graphical solution of the Arps' relations.
PETE

Slide 14
Analytical Type Curves: Radial Flow

"Analytical" Rate Decline
Curves:
From: SPE 04629 Fetkovich (1973).
Data from van Everdingen and

Hurst (1949), replotted as a rate
decline plot (Fetkovich, 1973).
This looks promising but this is
going to be one really big "type
curve."
What can we do? Try to collapse
all of the trends to a single trend
during boundary-dominated flow
(Fetkovich, 1973).
"Analytical" stems are another
name for transient flow behavior,

which can yield estimates of
reservoir flow properties.
From: SPE 04629 Fetkovich (1973).
PETE

Slide 15
Fetkovich Decline Type Curve: Analytical
Fetkovich "Analytical" Decline Type Curve: (constant pwf)

Log-log "type curve" for transient flow behavior (Fetkovich, 1973).
First "tie" between pressure transient and production data analysis.
PETE

Slide 16
Fetkovich Decline Type Curve: Composite
Fetkovich "Composite" Decline Type Curve:

Assumes constant bottomhole pressure production.
Radial flow in a finite radial reservoir system (single well).
PETE

Slide 17
Derivation: Arps' Exponential Decline Case

Oil Material Balance Relation:
1 Bo
p pi
Np
Nct Boi
Oil Pseudosteady-State Flow Relation:
o Bo 1 4 1 A
p pwf bo, pss qo bo, pss 141.2
ln
s
2
kh 2 e C A rw
Steps:
1. Differentiate both relations with respect to time.
2. Assume pwf = constant (eliminates d(pwf)/dt term).
3. Equate results, yields 1st order ordinary differential equation.
4. Integrate.
5. Exponentiate result.
1
q qi exp Di t
PETE

1 Bo
Di
b
Nc
B
o, pss
t oi
Slide 18
Validation: Arps' Hyperbolic Decline Case

(Details of derivation are omitted, see paper
SPE 19009, Camacho and Raghavan (1989)).
a. Hyperbolic flowrate relations for the case

of constant pressure production from a
solution gas drive reservoir (Camacho
and Raghavan (1989)).
PETE
b. Hyperbolic decline type curve with data

simulation performance data superimposed (Camacho and Raghavan (1989)).

Slide 19
Specialized Gas Flow Relations
Fetkovich Gas Flow Relation (poor approximation):

Rate-time.
Characteristic behavior plot.
Results from Knowles-Ansah-Buba work:

Rate-time.
Rate-cumulative.
PETE

Slide 20
Fetkovich Gas Flow Relation: Poor Approximation

Gas Material Balance Relation: (z=1 ! (ideal gas?))
p
p pi i Gp ( z zi 1)
G
Gas Pseudosteady-State Flow Relation: (Fetkovich)
2
2 n
q g C g ( p pwf
)
Final Result: (Fetkovich)

qg
q gi
1 ( 2n 1)
PETE
2n
q gi 2n 1
t
G
( pwf 0)

Slide 21
Fetkovich Decline Type Curve: Gas
Fetkovich "Analytical" Gas Decline Type Curve: (pwf = 0)

Cheated (z=1) ... this is not a valid solution (Fetkovich, 1973).
Good intentions ... wanted to develop a "simple" gas solution.
PETE

Slide 22
Knowles Gas Rate-Time Relation

"Knowles" rate-time relation for gas flow:
Models decline of gas flowrate versus time.
Better representation of rate-time behavior than the "Arps"
hyperbolic decline relations.

q gDd
qg
1 pwD
exp( pwD t Dd )
1
1 pwD
pwD

q gi (1 pwD2 )
1 1 pwD exp( pwD t Dd )

1 p

wD
t Dd
2qgi
pwf / z wf
1
G
pi / zi
pwD
pwf / z wf
pi / zi
Assumptions:
Volumetric, dry gas reservoir.
pi < 6000 psia.
Constant bottomhole flowing pressure.
PETE

Slide 23
Knowles-Buba Gas Rate-Cumulative Relation

This work presents an analysis and interpretation sequence for the estimation of reserves in a volumetric
dry-gas reservoir. This is based on the "Knowles" ratecumulative production relation for pseudosteady-state
gas flow given as:
q g q gi
2qgi
p /z
1 wf wf
pi / zi
Gp
qgi
p /z
1 wf wf
pi / zi
2
Gp
G2
"Knowles" relations for gas flow:

qg Gp follows quadratic "rate-cumulative" relation.
Approximation valid for pi<6000 psia.
Assumes pwf = constant.
PETE

Slide 24
Simplified Gas Flow: Validation of Knowles Eqs.
b. Simulated Performance Case: Gp versus t

(pi= 5000 psia, pwf=1000 psia, Gquad=4.20 BSCF).
qg vs. t and Gp vs. t:
a. Simulated Performance Case: qg versus t

(pi= 5000 psia, pwf=1000 psia, Gquad=4.20 BSCF).
PETE
Base plots verify models by

Ansah, et. al
Comparative trends of 0.9qgi , qgi
and 1.1qgi . Comparison applied
to all analysis plots.
Very good match on both plots,
accuracy verifies model.

Slide 25
Simplified Gas Flow: Validation of Buba Eq.
qg qgi DiGp
Di
1 Di 2
Gp
2 G
2qgi
p /z
1 wf wf
pi / zi
"Knowles-Buba" relations for gas flow:

Simulated performance case: qg-Gp (quadratic "rate-cumulative").
pi= 5000 psia, pwf=1000 psia, Gquad=4.20 BSCF.
Data function matches well with quadratic model function.
PETE

Slide 26
Specialized Oil Flow Relations
Fetkovich Oil Flow Relation:

Rate-time (Decline Type Curve Analysis).
Deliverability (Isochronal Testing of Oil Wells).
PETE

Slide 27
Fetkovich Oil Flow Relation: (Approximation)

Oil Material Balance Relation: (p2 formulation!)
( pi ) 2
( p ) ( pi )
Np
N
Oil Pseudosteady-State Flow Relation: (Fetkovich)
p
2
2 n
qo J oi
(
p
pwf
)
pi
Final Result: (Fetkovich)
2
qo
qoi
1
1
1 2
PETE
qoi
N
2n 1
( pwf 0)

Slide 28
Fetkovich Decline Type Curve: Solution Gas Drive
Fetkovich "Analytical" Oil Decline Type Curve: (pwf = 0)

Cheated (pressure-squared material balance relation?) ... this is not a
valid solution (Fetkovich, 1973).
PETE

Slide 29
Oil "Backpressure" Relation: Fetkovich
a. Deliverability ("backpressure") plot

developed for Well 2/4-2X prior to matrix
acidizing treatment. (Fetkovich [SPE
004529 (1973)]).
PETE
(1/2)
b. Deliverability ("backpressure") plot

developed for Well 2/4-2X after matrix
acidizing treatment. Note much higher
flowrate performance and apparent nonlinear (i.e., non-laminar) flow behavior
(Fetkovich [SPE 004529 (1973)]).

Slide 30
Oil "Backpressure" Relation: Fetkovich
a. Comparison of simulated and predicted

IPR behaviors for solution-gas-drive
case (Vogel [SPE 001476 (1968)]).
PETE
(2/2)
b. Deliverability ("backpressure") plot

developed using Vogel data. Proof of
concept for "backpressure" flow relation
(Fetkovich [SPE 004529 (1973)]).

Slide 31
Inflow Performance Relations (IPR)
Early work (for rationale)

Oil IPR and Solution-Gas Drive IPR
Vogel IPR work (for familiarity with approach)
Other IPR work (for reference/orientation)
Gas Condensate IPR
Fevang and Whitson work (for reference)
PETE

Slide 32
History Lessons Early Performance Relations
Early Gas Deliverability Plot,"

note the straight-line trends for
the data (circa 1935).
Early Gas IPR Plot," note

the quadratic relationship
between wellhead pressure
and flowrate (circa 1935).
Well deliverability analysis: (after Rawlins and Schellhardt)

These plots represent the earliest attempts to quantify behavior and to
predict future performance.
PETE

Slide 33
History Lessons "Backpressure" Equation

Gas Well Deliverability:
The original well deliverability
relation was derived from
observations:
qg C( p2 p2 )n
wf
The "inflow performance relationship" (or IPR) for this case is:
(assuming n=1)
qg C ( p 2 p 2 )
wf
2
From: Back-Pressure Data on NaturalGas Wells and Their Application to

Production Practices Rawlins and
Schellhardt (USBM Monograph, 1935).
PETE
qg ,max C( p ) ( p 0)
wf
p
2
qg
wf
q g ,max
p

Slide 34
History Lessons IPR Developments/Correlations

p
p
2
qo
wf
wf
qo,max 1 0.2 p 0.8 p
p
2
qg
wf
qg,max 1 p
qo
wf
qo,max 1 p
Early "Inflow Plot," an attempt

to correlate well rate and pressure behavior and to establish the maximum flowrate,
(after Gilbert (1954)).
IPR "comparison" liquid (oil),

gas, and "two-phase" (solution
gas-drive) cases presented to
illustrate comparative behavior
(after Vogel (1968)).
Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR):

Correlate performance, estimate maximum flowrate.
Individual phases require, separate correlations.
PETE

Slide 35
Solution-Gas Drive Systems Vogel IPR

Vogel Correlation: (Statistical)
p
2
p
qo 1 0.2 wf 0.8 wf
qo,max
p
p
IPR behavior is dependent on

the depletion stage (i.e., the
level of reservoir depletion).
No single correlation of IPR
behavior is possible.
The Vogel IPR correlation and

its variations are well established as the primary performance
prediction relations for production engineering applications.
The original correlation is derived from reservoir simulation.
Vogel IPR Correlation: Solution Gas-Drive Behavior

Derived as a statistical correlation from simulation cases.
No "theoretical" basis Intuitive correlation (qo,max and pavg).
PETE

Slide 36
Solution-Gas Drive Systems Other Approaches
Fetkovich IPR: (Semi-Empirical)
p
qo 1 wf
qo,max p
p
2
p
qx 1 wf (1 ) wf
x
x
qx,max
p
p
Richardson, et al. IPR: (Empirical)
(x = phase (e.g., oil, gas, water))
Other IPR Correlations:

Fetkovich: Derived assuming linear mobility-pressure relationship.
Richardson, et al.: Empirical, generalized correlation.
PETE

Slide 37

Wiggins, et al. IPR: (Semi-Rigorous)
p
2
p
3
p
qo 1 a wf a wf a wf ...
1 p
2 p
3 p
qo,max
Wiggins, et al.: Used a polynomial expansion of the mobility function in
order to yield a semi-rigorous IPR formulation.

Coefficients (a1, a2) are determined based on the mobility function
and its derivatives taken at the average reservoir pressure.
PETE

Slide 38

Pseudopressure Formulation Oil Phase
B
k
o
dp
p po( p) o o
o Bo
o pn p
base
Mobility Function
k
o
f ( p) a 2bp
o Bo
p
2
p
qo 1 wf (1 ) wf
o
o
qo,max
p
p
strong function of pressure and saturation.

Semi-rigorous IPR formulation (derived for the solution-gas case) has
the same form of the Richardson, et al. IPR (which is empirical).
PETE

Slide 39
Gas Condensate Systems Pseudopressure

Three flow regions were
characterized:
Region 1 Main cause of
productivity loss, oil and gas flow
simultaneously.
Region 2 Two phases coexist,
but only gas is mobile.
Region 3 single-phase gas.
kh
qg 1
141.2 ln(re /rw) 3/4 s
k
k
o
o
dp
R
s
B
o Bo
o
o
p wf
Fevang and Whitson Correlation: Gas Condensate systems

Pressure and saturation functions need to be know in advance
GOR, PVT properties and relative permeabilities.
PETE

Slide 40
Gas Condensate IPR Del Castillo 2003 (TAMU)

Model-Based Performance Study:
Radial, fully compositional, single well simulation model
Parameters/functions used in simulation:
Reservoir Temperature: T = 230, 260, 300 Deg F
Critical Oil Saturation: Soc = 0, 0.1, 0.3
Residual Gas Saturation: Sgr = 0, 0.15, 0.5
Relative Permeability: 7 sets of kro-krg data
Fluid Samples: 4 synthetic cases, 2 field samples
Assumptions used in simulation:
Interfacial tension effects are neglected
Non-Darcy flow effects are neglected
Capillary pressure effects are neglected
Refined simulation grid in the near-well region
Skin effect is neglected
Gravity and composition gradients are neglected
Simulations begun at the dew point pressure
Correlation of gas and gas-condensate performance using Richardson
IPR model.
PETE

Slide 41
Gas Condensate IPR Trends (Condensate)

IPR Curves - Condensate Production
(Case16)
6000
0.9
Legend
5000
0.8
Np/N = 0.18%
Np/N = 0.36%
Np/N = 1.79%
Np/N = 3.58%
Np/N = 5.37%
Np/N = 7.15%
Np/N = 8.94%
Np/N = 10.73%
4000
3000
2000
0.7
qo/qo,max
pwf , psia
Normalized Oil Flowrate

(Case16)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
1000
0.1
Legend
Np/N = 0.18%
Np/N = 0.36%
Np/N = 1.79%
Np/N = 3.58%
Np/N = 5.37%
Np/N = 7.15%
Np/N = 8.94%
Np/N = 10.73%
IPR Model
200
400
600
800
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
q o , STB/D
p wf /p bar
Base IPR
plot (condensate)
1
Case 16
0.9 (gas condensate system). 0.8
0.7
Dimensionless IPR plot

(condensate) Case 16 (gas
condensate system)
0.6
Condensate IPR Correlations (gas condensate reservoirs)

0.5
0.4
All eight
depletion stages regressed simultaneously.
0.3
0.2
Excellent
correlation all stages.
0.1
PETE

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Slide 42
Gas Condensate IPR Trends (Gas)

IPR Curves - Gas Production
(Case16)
6000
0.9
0.8
Legend
5000
0.7
Gp/G = 0.09%
Gp/G = 0.47%
Gp/G = 0.95%
Gp/G = 4.75%
Gp/G = 9.5%
Gp/G = 23.74%
Gp/G = 47.48%
Gp/G = 66.48%
4000
3000
2000
qg/qg,max
pwf , psia
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
1000
0.1
0
0
0
1000
2000
3000
Normalized Gas Flowrate

(Case16)
4000
Legend
Gp/G = 0.09%
Gp/G = 0.47%
Gp/G = 0.95%
Gp/G = 4.75%
Gp/G = 9.5%
Gp/G = 23.74%
Gp/G = 47.48%
Gp/G = 66.48%
IPR Model
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
p wf /p bar
q g , MSCF/D
Base IPR plot (gas) Case

1
16 (gas0.9 condensate system).
0.8
0.7
Dimensionless IPR plot (gas)

Case 16 (gas condensate
system).
0.6
Gas IPR Correlations (gas condensate reservoirs)

0.5
0.4
All eight
depletion stages regressed simultaneously.
0.3
Excellent
correlation even when there is a more pronounced curve
0.2
0.1
overlap
(gas).
0
PETE
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Slide 43
Gas Condensate Difference in IPR Trends

(Case16)
6000
6000
Legend
5000
Np/N = 0.18%
Np/N = 0.36%
Np/N = 1.79%
Np/N = 3.58%
Np/N = 5.37%
Np/N = 7.15%
Np/N = 8.94%
Np/N = 10.73%
4000
3000
2000
Legend
Np/N = 0.43%
Np/N = 0.86%
Np/N = 4.29%
Np/N = 8.59%
Np/N = 12.88%
Np/N = 17.17%
Np/N = 21.46%
Np/N = 25.76%
5000
pwf , psia
pwf , psia

(Case1)
1000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
200
400
600
800
100
q o , STB/D
200
300
400
q o , STB/D
Base IPR plot (condensate)

1
Case 16
(Very rich gas
0.9
condensate
system).
0.8
Base IPR plot (condensate)

Case 10.91(Lean gas condensate
system).
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
Condensate IPR Shape (gas condensate reservoirs)

0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
Remarkable
difference in shape between a 0.2
very rich gas condensate
0.2
0.1
0.1
system
and a lean one.
0
PETE
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Slide 44
0.2
= 0.49
= 0.55
= 0.68
Gas Condensate IPR Parameter ( o or g )

0.1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
p wf /p bar
Dimensionless IPR curves
Dimensional IPR curves
1
0.9
6000
0.8
pwf , psia
qo,g/qo,g,max
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Legend
5000
Legend
Legend = 0.15
o,g
o,g
o,g
o,g
o,g
o,g
= 0.18
= 0.29
= 0.49
= 0.55
= 0.68
= 0.15
= 0.18
= 0.29
= 0.49
= 0.55
= 0.68
o,g
o,g
o,g
o,g
o,g
o,g
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
p wf /p bar
Dimensional IPR curves
Dimensionless IPR plot.
500
1000
1500
2000
Oil or Gas flowrate
Base IPR plot.
6000
p
2
p
qx 1 wf (1 ) wf
x
x
4000
qx,max
p
p
pwf , psia
5000
= 0.15
= 0.18
= 0.29
= 0.49
= 0.55
= 0.68
3000
(x = phase (e.g., oil, gas, water))
2000
Condensate or gas IPR parameter (gas condensate reservoirs)

1000
0 Low o or g values IPR more concave.

0Exact500value1000
of not1500
crucial2000 similar curves for different o or g values.
Oil or Gas flowrate
PETE

Slide 45
Petroleum Engineering 613

Natural Gas Engineering
Lecture 06:

(End of Lecture)
T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.
Department of Petroleum Engineering
College Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.845.2292 t-blasingame@tamu.edu
PETE

Slide 46

P613 05A Lec 06 Rate Relations (050302)

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P613 05A Lec 06 Rate Relations (050302)

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Petroleum Engineering 613

Natural Gas Engineering

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

Rate Relations for Oil and Gas Flow

Specialized Gas Flow Relations:

Fetkovich Gas Flow Relation.

Specialized Oil Flow Relations:

Inflow Performance Relations (IPR):

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

History: Deliverability/"Backpressure" Equation

This relationship is rigorous for

From: Back-Pressure Data on NaturalGas Wells and Their Application to

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

History: p2 Diffusivity Equations

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

History: Gas p2 Condition ( gz vs. p, T=200 Deg F)

"Dry Gas" PVT Properties: ( gz vs. p)

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

History: Gas p2 Condition ( gz vs. p, T=200 Deg F)

"Dry Gas" PVT Properties: ( gz vs. p)

Concept: IF ( gz) = constant, THEN p2-variable valid.

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

History: "Arps" Equations

Fetkovich (Radial Flow) Decline Type Curve:

Derivation of the Arps' Exponential Rate Relation:

Derivation of the Arps' Hyperbolic Rate Relation:

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

Arps Relations: Summary

Cumulative Production-Time Relations:

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

Arps Relations: Summary

Flowrate-Cumulative Production Relations:

Plot of: q versus Np

Plot of: log(q) versus Np

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

Arps Relations: Example 1

a. Semilog "Rate-Time" Plot: Barnett Gas

b. Cartesian "Rate-Cumulative" Plot:

c. Log-Log "(G-Gp)-Rate" Plot: Barnett Gas

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

Arps Relations: Example 1

EUR Analysis: Barnett Field (North Texas (USA))

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

Arps Relations: Example 2

a. Semilog "Rate-Time" Plot: SPE 84287

b. Cartesian "Rate-Cumulative" Plot: SPE

c. Log-Log "(G-Gp)-Rate" Plot: SPE 84287

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

Arps Relations: Example 2

EUR Analysis: SPE 84278 Well 1 (East Texas (USA))

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

Fetkovich Decline Type Curve: Empirical

Fetkovich "Empirical" Decline Type Curve:

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

Analytical Type Curves: Radial Flow

From: SPE 04629 Fetkovich (1973).

Data from van Everdingen and

"Analytical" stems are another

name for transient flow behavior,

From: SPE 04629 Fetkovich (1973).

Semi-Analytical Rate Relations

Fetkovich Decline Type Curve: Analytical