Chapter 6 OFDM/DMT for

Wireline Communications

School of Info. Sci. & Eng.

Shandong Univ.

CONTENT
6.1 Discrete MultiTone (DMT) and Wireline
Channel Properties
6.2 Optical OFDM Transmission and Optical
Channel Properties
6.3 Impulse-Noise Cancellation
6.4 Dual Polarization Optical OFDM Transmission
6.5 Forward Error Correction
6.6 Summary

Properties of the Twisted-Pair Channel

Transfer Characteristic

Near-end Crosstalk (NEXT) and

Far-end Crosstalk (FEXT)
NEXT results from coupling from other loops in
the same cable from transmitters located at the
same side as the own receiver. NEXT (as a
power contribution) is modeled as:

where N is the number of identical disturbers and

the power of 0.6 is to halfways model the
distribution of disturbers in cable.

Near-end Crosstalk (NEXT) and

Far-end Crosstalk (FEXT)
FEXT results from coupling from other lo ops
in the same cable from transmitters located at
the opposite side of the own receiver. FEXT (as
a power contribution) is modeled as:

where N is the number of identical disturbers, l is the length

of the coupling length, and the power of 0.6 is to halfways
model the distribution of disturbers in the cable

Near-end Crosstalk (NEXT) and

Far-end Crosstalk (FEXT)

NEXT and FEXT

Near-end Crosstalk (NEXT) and

Far-end Crosstalk (FEXT)
The so-called Equal-Level FEXT (ELFEXT) is defined by eliminating the length
dependency and the transfer function:

Near-end Crosstalk (NEXT) and

Far-end Crosstalk (FEXT)

Measured NEXT of an 0.4-mm layered cable

Near-end Crosstalk (NEXT) and

Far-end Crosstalk (FEXT)

Measured NEXT of an 0.4-mm layered cable

Radio-frequency Interference
(RFI) and Impulse Noise
Non-symmetries are characterized by unbalance parameters
like Longitudinal Conversion Loss (LCL), Transverse
Conversion Loss (TCL), Longitudinal Conversion Transfer
Loss (LCTL),and Transverse Conversion Transfer Loss
(TCTL).
The duration of an impulse follows roughly follows a
combination of two log-normal densities in the form

Radio-frequency Interference
(RFI) and Impulse Noise

Impulses resulting from welding and fluorescent tubes,

measured at a telephone socket

Discrete MultiTone (DMT)

Components of DMT transmission

Two-Sided Processing for MIMO Based on SVD

The singular-value decomposition rephrases the

channel matrix in DFT domain H ( n) at carrier
number n as

(n) is a diagonal matrix. P (n ) and Q (n) are

unitary matrices.

Two-Sided Processing for MIMO Based on SVD

Let t (n) and r(n ) be input and output vectors,

respectively. At the transmitter side, we multiply
the signal t(n ) by P (n ). Whereas, the signal
at the receiver is multiplied by QH( n) to obtain the
output r(n )

Two-Sided Processing for MIMO Based on SVD

Using the SVD we obtain

x (n) is the product of P ( n) and t (n )

Two-Sided Processing for MIMO Based on SVD

OFDM and SVD as Reed-Solomon or RS-like codes RS
codes are commonly defined as follows

the structures of OFDM and SVD

QR decomposition for upstream processing

For upstream processing we write the L L
channel matrix as (In the following, we omit the
carrier index n): H=QR
With a unitary matrix Q and an upper triangular
matrix R .Working with column vectors for
information and received values, a post-processing
with QH leads to:

QR decomposition for upstream processing

Spatial DFE structure resulting from QR decomposition

QR decomposition for downstream processing

For downstream processing, the idea is to apply a QR
decomposition to the transpose of the channel matrix. This
enables us to do a pre-processing instead of the postprocessing of the previous paragraph. We hence obtain:

The diagonal matrix is added to obtain a similar structure in

the following formula . Equation can equivalently be
rephrased as:

QR decomposition for downstream processing

QR decomposition for downstream processing

Optical OFDM Transmission and

Optical Channel Properties
Commercially available systems for high bit-rate
optical data transmission utilize on-off-keying or
differential phase shift keying (DPSK) and reach
bit-rates up to 40 Gbit/s.
A straightforward approach is bit-interleaved coded
modulation with iterative decoding (BICM-ID) ,
which can be considered as the most simple
approach to achieve high spectral efficiency while
providing a low decoding complexity.

Common Mode and Differential Mode

Differential-Mode (DM) signals have been the conventional
approach of transmission over copper cables.
Common-Mode (CM) signals are taken as the arithmetic
mean of the two signals measured with respect to ground,
which makes them prone to interference.
Both DM and CM signals are readily available on the
receiver side:

Coupling and Transfer Functions

Transfer functions for DM and CM obtained from

measurements of a 0.4 mm Swiss cable of length 100 m

Coupling and Transfer Functions

NEXT coupling functions, obtained from measurements of different

TPs in the bundle. The outlier is due to measuring the other TP in the
same star quad

Coupling and Transfer Functions

FEXT coupling functions, obtained from measurements of different TPs

in the bundle. The outliers are due to measuring adjacent TPs

Common-Mode Reference-Based Canceler

Impulse noise generated from light switching, both in DM and CM

Impulse Noise Detection and CancellationDetection

For the first method , in order to obtain the envelope, the

CM is split into non overlapping frames of size M .Out of
every frame, the maxim value is chosen and interpolation is
performed among all local maxima.

Envelope of CM signal (green)

Impulse Noise Detection and CancellationDetection

A second method which can be easily implemented

in the analog domain uses a rectifier and a low pass
filter to detect the envelope of the CM signal

Second method for CM envelope detection

Simulation Results
The green line depicts the overall received DM signal,
which is corrupted by impulsive noise, while the black
waveform illustrates the same DM signal, impulse noise
free.
The red line presents the ideal transmitted signal, with no
interference, only attenuated by the loop.

Dual Polarization Optical OFDM

Transmission

Investigated system: Dual polarization OFDM

transmission, coherent detection.

Noise Variance Estimation

The transmission of symbol vectors[X1(d) X2(d)]T
on sub-carrier d can be written as:

Then the relative noise variance for both receive

branches can be determined:

Noise Variance Estimation

Estimated relative noise power

Achievable Spectral Efficiency

According to Shannon the maximum information-rate
which can be transmitted over a band-limited additive white
Gaussian noise channel is:

The contributions of the orthogonal polarizations are added

up. Furthermore we average over the OFDM sub-carriers:

Achievable Spectral Efficiency

The investigated transmission system is assumed to consist
of equally spaced, identical optical amplifiers. The optical
SNR (OSNR) after Nspans amplifiers is given by:

Here h and c denote Plancks constant and the speed of

light, respectively. G is the amplifiers gain which shall
equal the loss of one fiber span. The noise figure is given
by FN

Achievable Spectral Efficiency

Achievable spectral efficiency versus distance and launch power

Achievable Spectral Efficiency

Achievable spectral efficiency vs. distance

ADC/DAC Resolution

Achievable spectral efficiency versus distance considering

quantization noise.

Forward Error Correction

Iterative demapping and decoding, BICM-ID system

configuration

Forward Error Correction

The function btst (i, h ) takes the value 1if bit number h is
set in the binary decomposition of i, otherwise it is 0
where:

When the channel symbols z are corrupted by complex

Gaussian noise, the conditional PDF calculates to:

Forward Error Correction

The soft-demapping algorithm of for the complex
AWGN channel as:

Influence of the Applied Mapping

For anti-Gray mapping a quite high SNR is
required to reach the so called turbo cliff, which
is the required SNR at which the decoding process
starts to deliver an iteration gain.
The symbols within a CW are mapped to a ratio of
according to Gray and to a ratio 1 according
to anti-Gray:

Simulations on the Performance of Coded OFDM

Complete optical COFDM system

Simulations on the Performance of Coded OFDM

Simulations on systems performance; BER at BICMID output

Simulations on the Performance of Coded OFDM

EXIT functions of decoder and soft-demapper for different

mappings at optical input power of -9 dBm

Summary
This chapter gave an impression of some of the research
issues related to the wireline use of multicarrier
modulation. Many aspects are similar as in wireless, but the
channels offer different possibilities or have other
challenges, such as, e.g., more stationary behavior, an
additional common mode in twisted-pair, or non-linearities
in optical communication.
We adapted the principle of an iterative decoding scheme,
namely BICM-ID, to our system. The obtained results for
the investigated optical OFDM system promise to reach a
spectral efficiency of 8 bit/s/Hz for a 960 km fiber link.