SURVEYING

SURVEYING
DEFINITION :
IT IS AN ART OF DETERMINING THE
RELATIVE POSITIONS OF EARTH IT MAY BE
SURFACE OF THE EARTH OR BENEATH THE
SURFACE OF THE EARTH

THEME

TO PREPARE A PLAN OR MAP

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MAPS
STATE/COUNTRY MAP
CADASTARAL MAP
TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP
MILTARY/ENGINEERING MAP
ARCHELOGICAL MAP

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING

I) TO WORK FROM WHOLE TO PART

II)LOCATE A NEW STATIONWITH
REFERENCE TO STATIONS

TO WORK FROM WHOLE TO PART

DIVISION OF SURVEYING
I) PLANE SURVEYING
II) GEODITIC SURVEYING

 PLANE SURVEYING : In this type of

surveying only linear measurements
was taken and limited to < 250 km2
GEODITIC SURVEYING : Linear and
angular measurements are taken and
considering the earth curvature
Curvature constant c :0.06785

CLASSIFICATION

PLANE SURVYING
I) CHAIN SURVYING
II) COMPASS SURVYING
III) PLANE TABLE SURVEYING

CHAIN SURVEYING

Pedometer
odometer

Measuring
wheel

Speedometer

passome
teRr

Instruments used in Chain

Surveying
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Chains
Tapes
Arrows
Ranging Rods and Offset Rod
Pegs
Plumb- bob

Types of Tapes
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Cloth or linen tape.

Fibre tape.
Metallic tape.
Steel tape.
Invar tape.

INVAR TAPE

Principle of Chain Surveying

Triangulation is the principle.
In this area is divided into a number
of triangles with the suitable sides.
The plan of the area can be easily
drawn.
As a triangle is the only simple plane
geometrical figure.

Terms related with Chain

Surveying
1)Survey Stations:
(a) Main stations
(b) Subsidiary stations
(c) tie stations
2) Main survey lines
3) Base line
4) Check line
5) Tie-line

Operations in Chain
Surveying
Chaining
Ranging
Offsetting

Chaining on Level Ground

Chaining on level ground
It involves following operations
1) Fixing the stations.
2) Unfolding the chain.
3) Ranging.
4) Measuring the distance.
5) Folding the chain.

Direct Ranging
When intermediate ranging rods are
fixed on a straight line by direct
observation from end stations, the
process is known as direct ranging.

Offsetting
There are 2 types of offsets:
1) Perpendicular offsets:
the offsets which are taken perpendicular
to the chain are termed as above.

2) Oblique offsets:
Oblique distance is always greater than
perpendicular distance. All the offsets
which are not taken at right angle to chain
line are known as above.

Instruments for laying

Offsets

Optical square.
Indian optical square.
Open cross staff.
Prism square.

Errors in Chaining
There are 2 types
1) Compensating errors
2) Cumulating errors

Sources of Errors in
Chaining
Instrumental Errors
Natural errors
Personal errors

Errors due to Incorrect

Chain
If chain is too long, If chain is too
small
Measured distance will be less.
Correction: positive
Measured distance will be more.
Correction: negative

Tape corrections

Corrections
Corrections
Corrections
Corrections
Corrections

for
for
for
for
for

absolute length
temperature
pull
sag
slope

FIELD PROCEDURE
RECONIASSANCE
PREPARTION OF INDEX SKETCH
LOCATING THE BOUNDRIES AND
MAIN STAIONS
FOLLOW THE CHAIN TRIANGULATION
PRECAUTIONS

RECONISSANCE

INDEX SKETCH

BOUNDARIES

TRIANGULATION

COMPASS SURVEY
Chain surveying can be used when the
area to be surveyed is comparatively is
small and is fairly flat.
But when the area is large , undulating
and crowded with many details ,
triangulation(which is the principle of
chain survey) is not possible.
In such an area , the method of
surveying is used.

TRAVERSING
In traversing , the frame work consist of
connected lines.
The length are measured by a chain or a
tape and the direction measured by angle
measuring instruments.
Hence in compass surveying direction of
survey lines are determined with a
compass and the length of the lines are
measured with a tape or a chain. This
process is known as compass traversing

BEARING
The bearing of line is the horizontal
angle established with reference to a
some fixed line.
MERIDIAN : meridian is a fixed
direction on the surface of the
earth .The bearing of the survey line
are measured with reference to the
meridians .

Types
TRUE MERIDIAN : It is a line or plane passing
through the true north pole and south pole any
point on the surface of the earth .It is also
known as Geographical meridian . The
direction of it through a point can be
established by astronomical observations.
MAGNETIC MERIDIAN : it is the direction
established by freely suspended mangnetic
needle ,uneffected by mangnetic substances
.The direction of it through a point cane
established by compass

Designation of magnetic
bearing
WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING
REDUCED BEARING OR
QUADRANTAL BEARING

WCB
Def : The mangnetic bearing of a line
with respect to the magnetic North
measured in clock wise established
by the prismatic compass is known
as whole circle bearing , the value
lies between 0 to 360 degrees

Reduced bearing
The magnetic bearing of a line with
respect to the mangnetic north or
south measured in clock wise or anti
clock wise established by the
compass is known as reduced
bearing .In this system the value of
bearing always lies between 0 to 90
degrees only ,The bearings are
designated by four quadrants namely
NE,SE,SW, NW

 CONVERSION OF BEARINGS FROM

ONE SYSTEM TO ANOTHER SYSTEM
FOLLOWED BY THE RESPECTIVE
FORUMLE TABLES

 The following table should be remembered for

conversion of WCB to RB.
W.C.B OF
ANY LINE

QUADRANT
IN WHICH IT
LIES

RULES FOR
QUADRANT
CONVERSION

0 TO 90

RB=WCB

N-E

90 TO 180

II

RB=180-WCB

S-E

180 TO 270

III

RB =WCB180

S-W

270 TO 360

IV

RB=360 WCB

N-W

PLANE TABLE SURVEYING

PLANE TABLE
SURVEYING

Plane Tabling is a graphical method of

surveying in which the field work and
plotting are done simultaneously.
Useful to fill in details between stations
fixed by triangulation or theodolite
traversing.
Particularly adapted for small scale or
medium scale mapping in which great
accuracy in detail is not required.
The plane table consists essentially of:
A drawing board mounted on a tripod and
A straight edge called an alidade.

THE DRAWING BOARD

Made of well-seasoned wood such
as teak or pine.
Size varies from 75cm x 60cm or
50cm to 60 m square.
It is mounted on a tripod in such a
manner that it can be leveled, and
revolved about a vertical axis and
clamped in any position.

ALIDADE
Consists of a metal (brass or gunmetal) or boxwood
straight edge or ruler about 50 cm long.
The beveled (ruling or working) edge of the alidade
is called the fiducial edge.
It consists of two vanes at the ends, the vanes are
hinged and can be folded when the alidade is not in
use.
One of the vanes is provided with a narrow slit and
the other with a central vertical wire or hair.
One of the vanes known as sight vane is provided
with a narrow slit with three holes, one at the top,
one at the bottom and one in the middle.

SPIRIT LEVEL
It consists of a small metal tube
which contains a small bubble.
The spirit level may also be
circular but its base must be flat so
that it can be laid on the table.
The table is truly level when the
bubble remains central all over the
table.

THE MAGNETIC COMPASS

ADVANTAGES OF PLANE TABLING

It is most suitable for preparing

small-scale maps.

It is most rapid.

The field book is not necessary as

plotting is done in the field
concurrently with the field work, and
hence the mistakes in booking the
field notes are avoided.

 The surveyor can compare the

plotted work with the actual features
of the area surveyed and thus can
ascertain if it represents them
properly.
It is particularly advantageous in
magnetic areas where compass
survey is not reliable.
It is less costly than a theodolite
survey.
No great skill is required to prepare a
satisfactory map.

DISADVANTAGES OF PLANE
TABLING

It is not suitable for work in a wet

climate.
It is heavy, cumbersome and
awkward to carry.
There are several accessories to be
carried, and, therefore, they are
likely to be lost.
It is not intended for accurate work.
If the survey is to be re-plotted to a
different scale or quantities are to be
computed, it is a great

SETTING UP THE PLANE

TABLE

The table should be set up at a convenient

height. (say about 1m). The legs of the tripod
should be spread well apart, and firmly fixed
into the ground.
The table should be so placed over the
station on the ground that the point plotted
on the sheet corresponding to the station
occupied should be exactly over the station
on the ground.
This operation is known as the centering of
the table. This may be done using a plumbing
fork or U frame.

 In this operation, the table top is

made truly horizontal. For rough and
small scale work, leveling can be done
by eye estimation whereas for accurate
and large scale work, leveling achieved
with an ordinary spirit level.
The leveling is specially important in
hilly terrain where some of the control
points are situated at higher level and
some other at lower level.
The disleveling of the plane table,
throws the location of the point
considerably out of its true location.

ORIENTING THE PLANE TABLE

The operation of keeping the table at
each of the successive stations parallel
to the position which it occupied at the
first station is known as orientation. It
is necessary when the instrument has
to be set up at more than one station.
There are two methods of orienting the
table:
Orientation by the Magnetic Needle
Orientation by Backsighting

ORIENTING BY MAGNETIC
NEEDLE

This method is used when it is not

possible to bisect the previous
station from the new station. This
method is not much reliable and
prone to errors due to variations of
magnetic field.

ORIENTING BY BACKSIGHTING
In this method the table is orientated
by back sighting through the ray
which is drawn from the previous
station. This is the most accurate and
reliable method of orientation of
plane table.

ORIENTING BY BACKSIGHTING
In this method the table is orientated
by back sighting through the ray
which is drawn from the previous
station. This is the most accurate and
reliable method of orientation of
plane table.

Methods of Plane Table

Radiation
Intersection
Traversing
Resection

RADIATION METHOD
This method is useful in surveying small
areas which can be commanded from
one station.
In this method the objects are located by
radiating lines from the point, and
measuring the distance with chain or
tape with suitable scale.
Rays are drawn to various objects.
The distance of the object from the

RADIATION METHOD
B
C

b
A

D
d

P
a
e
f

E
F

INTERSECTION METHOD
In this method the point is fixed on
the plane by the intersection of the
rays drawn from the two instrument
stations.
The line joining the stations is called
Base line.
The method requires only the linear
measurements of this line.

INTERSECTION METHOD
A

a
BASE LINE

q
f

D
E

TRAVERSING METHOD
This is similar to that of Compass
Survey or Transit Traversing. It is used
for running survey lines between
stations, which have been previously
fixed by other methods of survey, to
locate the topographic details. It is also
suitable for the survey of roads, rivers,
etc.
This is the main method of plane table
and is similar to compass or theodolite
traversing.

TRAVERSING METHOD
A
a

e
d

a
b

a
d

b
c

a
b
c

RESECTION METHOD
This method is used for establishing
the instrument stations only. After
fixing the stations, details are located
either by radiation or intersection.

RESECTION METHOD
B
b

ERRORS IN PLANE TABLING

Following precautionary measures
should be taken while performing
field work:
The table must be accurately oriented
once the table is shifted.
The alidade should be correctly centred
on the station point on paper.
The expansion and contraction of paper
should be taken care off.

 The table should accurately centred.

The rays should be accurately drawn
through the station points.
Table should be sufficiently clamped.
The board should be horizontal.
The objects should be accurately
sighted.

THANK YOU
Thanks for the attention
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