 What is LNG ?

 What is CNG ?
Cool to -160°
& liquefy LNG
NG
Compress to CNG
200 bar
 What is LNG?

It is colorless, odorless and is a boiling liquid under

atmospheric pressure at a temperature of -160oC.

Composition = Around 90 % Methane and balance 10%

contains Ethane, Propane, Butane and Pentane.

LNG Volume is 1/600 of Natural Gas.

1 MMTA LNG  1.23 MMTA of Oil equivalent
 3.6 MMSCMD (Natural Gas)
 LNG - Physical features
LNG FLAMMABILITY RANGE
LEL = 5 %
UEL = 15 %

Auto Ignition Temperature = + 537oC

Boiling Point = (-) 160o C

Composition = Around 90 % CH4

Balance 10% - Ethane, propane ,Butane, Pentane.

It is colorless, odorless and is a boiling liquid under

atmospheric pressure with a temperature of (-) 160oC.
Non-toxic gas.
Lighter than water. Density = 0.45 Kg/Litre.
 NG Flammability Curve

Concentration (%vol. in air) 100%

.L .
U.F

15% Flammable Auto-ignition

mixture

5%
L.F.L
.
0%
25°C 537°C
Temperature
 LNG Risk and Hazards
 Contact with LNG causes Cold Burns
 LNG forms visible flammable white cloud in
case of leak
 LNG/RLNG is handled at high pressure
 RLNG is flammable, colorless and odorless
 LNG spill on water can create RPT (Rapid
Phase Transition) with explosion
 LNG RISK AND HAZARDS
Explosion (BLEVE) - No
Vapour cloud Explosion - No
Vapour cloud formation - Dispersion / Asphyxia
Freezing Liquid - Line choking
Roll Over - More BOG generation
Rapid Phase Transition - Cold explosion
High Pressure - Piercing injury
Low Temperature - Cold Burn
Fire - Hot burn
LNG Spillage - Vapour cloud / Pool fire
NG leakage - NG release/Jet fire / noise
Flammable gas - Jet fire / noise
 LNG - Spillage

LNG spillage on ground - No pollution effect. Soil becomes dry.

Vaporization of LNG into NG and Heavy Gas Dispersion.

LNG spillage on non-cryogenic metals will make them brittle.

(Mild steel)

LNG spillage on rubber will make them brittle. (Rubber gloves)

LNG spillage on human body will make cold burns (Frost Bite).

LNG spillage on water leads to Rapid phase transition ( RPT )

 Hazard and Risk Assessment

•Design Stage: LNG terminal designed as per international

codes namely EN-1473,BS-7777, NFPA-59A, OISD-194 etc.
High Level Hazop
QRA Study
EIA Study
 Hazard and Risk Assessment
Significant Risk identified based on QRA study and historical
accident experiences of LNG industry are as follows:

1. Unloading arm failure leading to sudden draining of LNG into seawater.

• Safeguard: PERC provided in unloading arms.

2. Trestle LNG pipeline failure due to vehicle impact:

• Safeguard: Barricading provided

3. Pool fire due to LNG leakage in unloading lines flange connection at jetty.
• Safeguard: Spill detectors with ESD interlock

4. Small fire on top of LNG tanks due to flange leakage.

• Safeguard: Gas detectors provided

5. Roll over on LNG tanks leading to sudden rise in tank pressure due to
abnormal BOG generation.
• Top / Bottom Filling arrangement based on density
 Hazard and Risk Assessment
Significant Risk Identified:

6. Jet fire in NG high pressure lines.

7. Fire in flare due to LNG entering into flare system.

8. Fire/explosion in submerged combustion vaporizer due to formation of

flammable mixture.

9. Pool fire in diesel tank

10.Confined explosion in GTG cabin

11.Significant high pressure Gas leak from metering station

12.Ship related emergency like fire/explosion in ship or bad weather

conditions while berthing at our jetty
 Hazard and Risk Assessment
Significant Risk Identified:

13. Emergency situation due to LNG ship hits the jetty.

14. Emergency situation due to Tug boat hits the jetty piles.

15. Cold vent fire at jetty.

16. Emergency situation arising from nearby plant / pipeline leak.

17. Emergency situation arising from nearby jetty.

18. Fire in Main control room panels.

19. High pressure equipment i.e. Re-condenser, N2 liquid storage vessel,

STV,SCV bursting/failure due to high pressure.
 Hazard and Risk Assessment
Significant Risk Identified:

20. Hose leak / flange leak during road tanker loading.

21. Road tanker body leak.

22. Road tanker fire during venting of gas.

23. Natural disasters like earthquake/flood/cyclone.

24. Sabotage (Bomb threat).

 Emergency Preparedness Plan
On-site Plan
• Main Control Room is Emergency Control Centre.
• On-site plan available.
• JV conducts onsite Mock drill every three months.

Off-site Plan
• Off-site plan shall be in place.
• DMC shall be in place.
• DMC shall conducts offsite Mock drill every year.
• Nearby industries are required to be connected by some
wireless means.
• Any off-site emergency, immediate help from nearby
industries if required shall evaluated.