7.

0 PROBABILTY 1

eated By:

KEY TERMS
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Probability Kebarangkalian
Sample space Ruang Sampel
Outcome Kesudahan
Experiment Eksperimen
Reasoning Penaakulan
Event Peristiwa
Element Unsur
Trial Percubaan
Occurrence - Berlakunya

7.1 Sample Space

7.1 a Possible Outcomes of
an Experiment
o An experiment is a process or an action
in making an observation to obtain the
required results
o An outcome of an experiment is a possible
result that can be obtained from the
experiment

Example

7.1 Sample Space

In a box, there are red, blue and green
Marbles. A marble is drawn at random
from the box. Determine whether each of
the following outcomes is a possible
outcome.
(a)A red marble is drawn
(b)A green marble is drawn
(c) A yellow marble is drawn
(d)A blue marble is drawn

Example
Solution

7.1 Sample Space

In a box, there are red, blue and green
marbles. A marble is drawn at random
from the box. Determine whether each
of the following outcomes is a possible
outcome.

(a) A red marble is drawn

(a)Drawing a red marble is a possible

outcome

Example
Solution

7.1 Sample Space

In a box, there are red, blue and green
marbles. A marble is drawn at random
from the box. Determine whether each
of the following outcomes is a possible
outcome.

(b) A green marble is

drawn
(b) Drawing a green marble is a
possible
outcome

Example
Solution

7.1 Sample Space

In a box, there are red, blue and green
marbles. A marble is drawn at random
from the box. Determine whether each
of the following outcomes is a possible
outcome.

(a) A yellow marble is drawn

(a)Drawing a yellow marble is a not

possible outcome

7.1 Sample
Space
Solut Exam
ion ple

7.1 b Listing All Possible Outcomes

An experiment is carried out by tossing
A coin. List all possible outcomes.
When a coin is tossed, the possible
possible outcomes are heads and
tales.
heads-the factorial face of the coin
tales-the numerical face of the coin

Example
Solution

7.1 Sample Space

In a box, there are red, blue and green
marbles. A marble is drawn at random
from the box. Determine whether each
of the following outcomes is a possible
outcome.

(a) A blue marble is drawn

(a)Drawing a blue marble is a possible

outcome

x
x

Experiment : Roll a fair dice and toss a fair coin.

List all the possible outcomes.
Dice

1
2
3
4
5

Tree
Diagram

Coin

Outcomes

(1,H)

(1,T)

(2,H)

(2,T)

H
T

(3,H)

(4,H)

(4,T)

(5,H)

T
H

(5,T)
(6,H)

(6,T)

(3,T)

7.1 Sample
Space
7.1 c Determining the Sample Space
A sample space is the set of all the
possible outcomes of an experiment

7.1 Sample
Space
Exam
A
letter is chosen from the word
ple

HARMONY. Write the sample space, S,

using set notation.

Solut
Sample
ion space, S = { H, A, R, M, O, N, Y }

7.1 Sample
Space
Exam
A spinner contains the letters
ple
B, U, R and N. If James spins
the spinner, list the sample space,
S, using set notation

Solut
Sample space, S = { B, U, R, N }
ion

B
U

N
R

7.2 Events
7.2 a Elements with Satisfy Given
Conditions
When a specific condition is given, we
can list the elements of a sample space
which satisfy the given condition

7.2 Events
Exam
A two-digit number which is not more
ple
than 20 is chosen at random. List the
elements of the sample space which
satisfy each of the following conditions
(a)A prime number is chosen
(b) A perfect square is chosen

7.2 Events
A two-digit number which is not more than 20
is
Chosen at random. List the elements of the
sample space which satisfy each of the
following
conditions
(a) A prime number is chosen

Solut
S= { 10,
16, 17,19
18, 19 }
1111, 12,
1 13, 14, 15, 17
ion
3
(a) { 11, 13, 17, 19 }

Two- digit prime number s which are less than 20

7.2 Events
A two-digit number which is not more than 20
is
Chosen at random. List the elements of the
sample space which satisfy each of the
following
conditions
(a) A perfect square is chosen

Solut
16 16, 17, 18, 19 }
S= { 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
ion
(b) { 16 }
Two- digit perfect square which is less than 20

7.2 Events
7.2 b Events for Sample Space
An event is a set of outcomes which
satisfy a specific condition and it is
a subset of the sample space.

7.2 Events
Examp
A coin and die are thrown simultaneously. The
le A and B are defined as follows.
events
A = Event of obtaining heads from the coin
and
an even number from the die
B = Event of obtaining a tails from the coin
and
a number less than 3 from the die
(a) List sample space, S
(b) List the elements of
(i) the event A

Solut
ion

7.2 Events
(a) Construct a table as shown below to help us
list the elements of the sample space

Head (H)

(H,1)

(H,2)

(H,3)

(H,4)

(H,5)

(H,6)

Tails (T)

(T,1)

(T,2)

(T,3)

(T,4)

(T,5)

(T,6)

Single
dice
Coin

S = { (H,1), (H,2), (H,3), (H,4), (H,5), (H,6),

(T,1), (T,2), (T,3), (T,4), (T,5), (T,6) }

7.2 Events

Solut
ion

S = { (H,1), (H,2)
(H,2), (H,3),(H,4)
(H,4), (H,5),
(H,6),
(H,6)
(T,1), (T,2), (T,3), (T,4), (T,5), (T,6) }
(b) List the elements of event A
A = { (H,2), (H,4), (H,6) }
Set of outcome of event A: obtaining a heads from the
coin and even number from the die

7.2 Events

Solut
ion

S = { (H,1), (H,2), (H,3), (H,4), (H,5), (H,6),

(T,1)
(T,1), (T,2)
(T,2), (T,3), (T,4), (T,5), (T,6) }
(b) List the elements of event B
B = { (T,1), (T,2) }
Set of outcome of event B: obtaining a tails from the
coin and a number less than 3 from the die

7.2 Events
7.2 c Determining whether an Event
is Possible for a Sample Space
o If R and R S, then the event R
is
possible for the sample space, S.
o If R = , then the event R is not
possible for the sample space, S.

Examp
Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The events T, Q
and R are defined as follows.
le

T = Event such that the sum of the numbers from the two
dice is not more than 6
Q = Event such that the product of numbers from the two
dice is a prime number
R = Event such that the sum of the numbers from the tw
dice is more than 12
(a) List the sample space, S.
(b)Determine whether each of the following events is
possible for the sample space, S.
(i) Event T
(ii) Event Q
(iii) Event R

(a) Construct a table as shown below to list the elements

of the sample space
D

D
IE

IE
1

S = { (1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),
(2,6),
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6),(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),
(4,6),

Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The events T, Q

and R are defined as follows.
T = Event such that the sum of the numbers from the two
dice is not more than 6
(a) Determine whether each of the following events is
possible for the sample space, S.
(i) Event T

Solutio
T = { (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,
n
(3,1), (3,2), (5,1) }

o Since T and T
S, then the event T is
possible for the sample space, S.

Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The events T, Q

and R are defined as follows.

Q = Event such that the product of numbers from the two

dice is a prime number
(b) Determine whether each of the following events is
possible for the sample space, S.
(ii) Event Q

Solutio
Q
n= { (1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (2,1), (3,1), (5,1) }

o Since Q and Q
S, then the event Q is
possible for the sample space, S.

Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The events T, Q

and R are defined as follows.
R = Event such that the sum of the numbers from the two
dice is more than 12
(b) Determine whether each of the following events is
possible for the sample space, S.
(iii) Event R

Solutio
R=
n
o Since R = , the event R is not possible for the
sample space, S.

7.3 Probability of an
Event
7.3 a Probability of an Event from Big
Enough Number of Trials
The probability of an event A, P(A) is given by
P(A) = Number of times of the occurrence of event A
Number of trials
where 0 P(A) 1

7.3 Probability of an
Event
The probability of an event A, P(A) is given by
P(A) =

Number of outcomes in event A

Number of outcomes in the sample space

= n(A)
n(S)
where 0 P(A) 1

7.3 Probability of an
Event
o The probability of an event A, P(A) is given by
P(A) = n(A)
n(S)
o

If P(A) = 0, then the event A will certainly not occur

If P(A) = 1, then the event A is certainly occur

Exa
mpl
e

E E

Three cards, as shown in the above diagram, are put

in into a box. A card is drawn at random from the box
and their letter is recorded. Then the card is put back
Into the box before another card is drawn at random.
This process is repeated 240 times and the results are
recorded in a table as shown below.
Outcome
Number of occurrences

162

78

Based on the above table, calculate the probability

that card with
(a) the letter E is drawn
(b) the letter L is drawn

E
L
16
78 240
2
Based on the above table, calculate the probability
that card with
(a) the letter E is drawn

Solut
ion

Outcome
Number of occurrences

Probability that a card with the letter E is drawn

= P(E)

Number of times the letter E is drawn

Number of trials

= 16
=

2
24
0
27
40

Outcome
Number of occurrences

162

78

240

Solut
ion

Based on the above table, calculate the probability

that card with
(a) the letter L is drawn
Probability that a card with the letter L is drawn
= P(L)

Number of times the letter L is drawn

Number of trials

= 78
=

24
0
13
40

Exa
mpl
e
1

16

24

36

Mary puts the above six cards in a box.

If Mary picks a card randomly from the box,
find the probability of obtaining
(a) an odd number
(b) a prime number
(c) a number less than 15
(d) a positive number

16

Soluti
on

24

36

Sample space, S = { 1, 6, 9, 16, 24, 36 }

n (S) = 6
(a) J = the event of picking an odd number
J = { 1, 9 }
n (J) = 2
P (J) = n (J) = 2 = 1
n (S) 6 3

Soluti
on

Sample space, S = { 1, 6, 9, 16, 24, 36 }

n (S) = 6
(b)K = the event of picking a prime number
K={

n (K) = 0
P (K) = n (K) = 0 = 0
n (S) 6
It means the event of picking a
prime number will not happen

Soluti
on

Sample space, S = { 1, 6, 9, 16, 24, 36 }

n (S) = 6
(b)L = the event of picking a number
less than 15
L = { 1, 6, 9 }
n (L) = 3
P (L) = n (L) = 3= 1
n (S)
6 2

Soluti
on

Sample space, S = { 1, 6, 9, 16, 24, 36 }

n (S) = 6
(d)M = the event of picking a positive number
M = { 1, 6, 9, 16, 24, 36 }
n (M) = 6
P (M) = n (M) = 6 = 1
n (S)
6
It means the event of picking a positive
number is sure to happen

Exa
A factory produces light bulbs for the domestic market.
mpl
The quality control will randomly pick 2500 bulbs daily to
check on the quality. On the average, 75 units of them are
faulty. Find the probability that any one bulb picked is fault
e
Solut
Aion
= the event of picking a faulty bulb
n (A) = 75
P (A) = n (A) = 75 = 3
n (S)
2500 100

7.3 Probability of an
Event
7.3 b Calculating the Expected Number of
Times an Event Will Occur
If the probability of en event A and the
number of trials are given, then the
expected number of times the event will
occur
= P(A) x Number of trials

SolutiExa
on
mpl
e

In the month of December, 5000 cars were sold. If the

probability that a Proton cars were sold is 1 , calculate
5
the number of Proton cars that were sold in that month

1
P(a Proton car is sold) =
5

1
Number of Proton cars sold =
5
Total number of cars sold
1
Number of Proton cars sold =
5
5000
1
Number of Proton cars sold = 5 x500

1000

7.3 Probability of an
Event
7.3 c Predicting the Occurrence of an
Outcome
An event that
certainly will
not occur

0.1

An event which
low possibility
of occurring

An event with
equal possibility
of occurring

0.5

An event that
certainly will
occur

0.9 1
An event with
high possibility
of occurring

0.1
0

0.9
0.5

Exa
mpl
e

The diagram below shows a contest

organised by a shopping centre
Rank the following home products from
the most useful (1) to the least useful (4)

Table
Lamp

Be
d

Electric
Kettle

Dustbi
n

Exa
(a) Calculate the total number of the possible arrangements
mpl
(b) Hence, state the probability that an entry will win.
e
(c) Madam Fong would like to try her luck in this contest
by sending two entries with different arrangements.
Has she got a big chance of winning? Explain why.

(d) Puan Zaitun would also like to try her luck in this
contest by sending 20 entries with difference
arrangements. Has she got a big chance of winning?
Explain why?

(a) Calculate the total number of the possible arrangements

Solution

Let ; 1 - Bed, 2 Table lamp, 3 Electric kettle, 4 - Dustbi

The possible arrangements are as follow

1234 1243
2134 2143
3124 3142
4123 4132

1324
2314
3214
4213

1342
2341
3241
4231

1423
2413
3412
4312

1432
2431
3421
4321

Hence, the total number of the possible arrangements

is 24

The total number of the possible

arrangements is 24
(b) Hence, state the probability that an entry will
win.

Soluti
1
The
=
onprobability that an entry will win 24

(c) Madam Fong would like to try her luck in this contest
by sending two entries with different arrangements.
Has she got a big chance of winning? Explain why.

Soluti
Let F = Event that Madam Fong will win by sending 2
on entries with different arrangements
2
P (F) =
24
1
=
12
Since, the value of P(F) below 1 and quite close to 0,
2
the chance of Madam Chong winning is very small.

(d) Puan Zaitun would also like to try her luck in this
contest by sending 20 entries with difference
arrangements. Has she got a big chance of winning?
Explain why?

Soluti
Let Z = Event that Puan Zaitun will win by sending 20
on entries with different arrangements
P (F) =
=

20
24
5
6

Since, the value of P(Z) is way above 1 and quite close to 1

2
the chance of Puan Zaitun winning is great.

7.3 Probability of an
Event
7.3 d Solving Problems

Exa
A number is chosen at random from a set of positive
mpl
integers
from 10 to 20 (inclusive of 10 and 20).
Calculate the probability that a prime number is
e
chosen.

A number is chosen at random from a set of positive

integers from 10 to 20 (inclusive of 10 and 20). Calculate
the probability that a prime number is chosen.

Soluti
Let
Ron
= Event that a prime number is chosen
S = Sample space
S = { 10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 }
R = { 11,13,17,19 }

n( R ) 4
P( R) n(S ) 11

7.3 Probability of an
Event
7.3 d Solving Problems

Exa
Given that the probability of choosing a man at random
mpl
from a group of tourists is
.
Ife
there are 28 women in the group, find the total
4

11

number of tourists in the group.

Given that the probability of choosing a man at random

4
from a group of tourists is
.
11

If there are 28 women in the group, find the total

number of tourists in the group.

Soluti
y = number of man group
on
y
+ 28 = number of
tourists
y

y 28 11

11 y 4 y 112
7 y 112
y 16
Number of tourists = 16 + 28 = 44

7.3 Probability of an
Event
7.3 d Solving Problems

Exa
In a group of 80 students, 50 are boys. A further 10
mpl
girls then join the group. If the student is chosen at
random from the group, calculate the probability that
the student is a girl.
e

In a group of 80 students, 50 are boys. A further 10

girls then join the group. If the student is chosen at
random from the group, calculate the probability that
the student is a girl.

Soluti
Let
Bon
= Event that a boy is chosen
G = Event that girl is chosen
S = Sample space
n(S) = 80 + 10 = 90
n(B) =50
n(G) =( 80 50 )+ 10 = 40

n(G )
P(G )
n( S )
40 4

90 9