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Photosynthesis and Cellular

Respiration

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

Energy and work


All organisms require energy for work
ENERGY the ability to do work
WORK exertion of force through a distance
Work for a cell includes:
- growth and repair
- active transport across membranes
- reproduction
- synthesis of cellular products, etc.
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

ORGANISMS OBTAIN ENERGY AND


FOOD IN DIFFERENT WAYS.....

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

Autotrophs
They (plants, algae, and some prokaryotes) are
organisms that can use the energy in sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and water to make food.
They are also known as the producers since they are
able to produce food.

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

Types of autotrophs
Photoautotrophs: use sun energy e.g. plants
photosynthesis-makes organic compounds (glucose)
from light
Chemoautotrophs: use chemical energy e.g.
bacteria that use sulfide or methane chemosynthesismakes organic compounds from chemical energy
contained in sulfide or methane

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

Heterotrophs
They (animals, fungi, and many unicellular
organisms) are organisms that cannot make their own
food.
They are also called consumers because they
consume other organisms to get energy.

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Energy Storage and Release

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)


The energy storage molecules used by most
organisms.
ATP has 3 major parts
* Ribose
* Adenine
* Phosphate groups

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

Energy Exchange

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

Oxidation-Reduction
Oxidation - The loss of an electron from an atom or
ion. Oxidized molecules are low in energy.
Reduction - It is the addition of electrons to an atom or
ion. The process is called reduction because the
addition of electrons, which carry a negative charge,
reduces the charge of the molecules.

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Simply redox reactions
Chemical reactions in which one molecule is oxidized
and the other is reduced.

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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What is photosynthesis?
Light / Energy
Glucose
Water
Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Water

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

Plants make their own food.


This process is called
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photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis
The process by which autotrophs convert sunlight to a
usable form energy.
The process that uses light to make organic
compounds from inorganic water and carbon dioxide.
The following equation summarized photosynthesis:

CO2

+ H2 O

Light Energy

(CH2O)n + O2

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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What does a plant need for


photosynthesis?
Light

Water

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

Carbon
Dioxide

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Trapping the Suns Energy


Solar energy converts water and carbon dioxide
into chemical energy stored in simple sugars
The simple sugar that photosynthesis produces is
glucose which the plant uses to store energy.
The equation that represents photosynthesis is:
6CO2 + 6H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Solar
energy
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Phases of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis requires energy from the sun, but the
sun is not available 24 hours a day.
Photosynthesis must occur in two phases
Light-dependent Reactions (light reactions)
Convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)

Light-independent Reactions (dark reactions)


Uses the ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to
build glucose

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2


Solar
energy
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The Role of Chloroplasts and Pigments


Photosynthesis takes place in
the chloroplasts
Light-dependent reactions
take place in the membranes
of the thylakoid disks
(contain chlorophyll)
Light-independent reactions
take place in the stroma
(thick fluid that forms the
framework of a
chloroplast)
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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The Role of Chloroplasts and Pigments


The thylakoid membranes contain the pigments that can absorb
certain wavelengths of sunlight.
The pigments are molecules that can absorb light.
In photosynthetic organisms, a variety of pigment molecules trap
photons from the sun.
Photons are packet of light energy that move in waves.
The most energetic photons travel as short wavelengths, and the
least energetic as long wavelengths.

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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The Role of Chloroplasts and Pigments


The most common pigment in the
chloroplasts is chlorophyll. It is the most common and
important photosynthetic pigment in plants and algae.
Chlorophyll a and b absorb most wavelengths of light except
for green. Green is reflected making the plants appear green.
Hundreds of chlorophyll molecules and other pigments in the
grana are organized into photosystems (the light-collecting
units in the chloroplast).

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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The Role of Chloroplasts and Pigments


In the fall, plants reabsorb chlorophyll leaving other
pigments that reflect other wavelengths of light
making the leaves appear red, yellow, or orange.
Carotenoid - one group of pigments that include the
yellow, red and orange pigments that color carrots,
bananas, squash and autumn leaves.

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Light-dependent Reactions
Sunlight strikes the chlorophyll molecules in the
thylakoid membrane.
Light energy is transferred to electrons
The electrons become highly energized and are
passed down an Electron Transport Chain

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Light-dependent Reactions
The Electron Transport Chain is a series of proteins
in the thylakoid membrane
As the electrons are transferred from one protein to
another, some energy is released which
helps join ADP and Phosphate to form ATP
Pump hydrogen ions into the center of the thylakoid disk to
join H+ and NADP+ forming NADPH (electron carrier)
ATP and NADPH will be used during the lightindependent reactions

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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Light-dependent Reactions
The electrons excited by the light energy that passed
down the electron transport chain and left with NADPH
need to be replaced so the reaction can happen again.
To replace those electrons, a water molecule is split
(photolysis), sending electrons back to the chlorophyll
and releasing Oxygen and Hydrogen ions into the
atmosphere this supplies the oxygen that we breathe

Photolysis

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Light-dependent Reactions
Solar Energy
absorbed by
chloroplasts

Oxygen
released

ATP
Released

NADPH
released
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Products of Light
Reactions (ATP and
NADPH) fuel the dark
reactions
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Light-independent Reactions
The second phase of photosynthesis does not require
light and is called the Calvin Cycle.
The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of the
chloroplast.
The Calvin Cycle uses the ATP and NADPH that
was built during the light-dependent reactions

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The Calvin Cycle


Uses Carbon
Dioxide from the
air

Uses ATP and


NADPH from
light reactions

Uses another
ATP to
replenish RuBP

Builds a glucose
molecule

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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Photosynthesis Equation
Light
Energy

6CO2 + 6H2O

chloroph
yll

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Carbon
Glucose
Dioxide
Made in the
from the air
Calvin Cycle
Used in
during the
the Calvin
Dark
Oxygen
Cycle
Water Split
Reactions
Released
during the
during
during
Dark
Photolysis in
Photolysis in
Reactions
the Light
the Light
Reactions
Plants can use this
glucose molecule for energy during
Cellular
Reactions
Respiration. Plants can also convert this glucose molecule into other
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico
organic compounds such
as proteins and fats/lipids or other 28

3 Factors that Affect Photosynthesis


Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Without CO2, the plant would not have one of the raw
materials needed in the photosynthesis equation
CO2 is used in the first step of the Calvin Cycle

Temperature
The temperature must be in the appropriate range for the
plant in order for photosynthesis to properly occur

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3 Factors that Affect Photosynthesis


Intensity of Light
If the intensity of light is lower, the available energy for
photosynthesis is lower.
In a greenhouse, if the light source is further away, intensity is
lower and less photosynthesis can occur
If light is not available at all, the light-dependent reactions cannot
occur (nor can they provide the materials used in the lightindependent reactions)

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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How does photosynthesis help plants


and living beings?
Photosynthesis helps plants
by providing them carbon
dioxide.

Photosynthesis helps humans


and animals by providing
them with oxygen.

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION

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Harvesting Chemical Energy


So we see how energy enters food chains (via
autotrophs) we can look at how organisms use that
energy to fuel their bodies.
Plants and animals both use products of
photosynthesis (glucose) for metabolic fuel

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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Harvesting Chemical Energy


Heterotrophs: must take in energy from outside
sources, cannot make their own e.g. animals
When we take in glucose (or other carbs), proteins,
and fats - these foods dont come to us the way our
cells can use them

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration: Process by which mitochondria
break down food molecules to produce ATP in plants
and animals
Nutrients + oxygen water + ATP + CO2
Changes organic chemical energy (glucose) into
inorganic chemical energy (ATP)

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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Cellular Respiration
The process by which food molecules are broken down to
release energy for work.
It appears to be the reverse of photosynthesis; the reactants of
one are the products of the other.
Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + energy

C6H12O11

Respiration
C6H12O11 CO2 + H2O + energy
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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Three stages of Cellular Respiration


Glycolysis
Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

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Glycolysis
Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose into two molecules
of pyruvic acid (a colorless acid formed as an
important intermediate in metabolism or
fermentation)
This reaction uses enzymes and takes place in the
cytoplasm of the cell (anaerobic reaction)

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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Glycolysis
Produces
2 pyruvic acid molecules (used in the next step of
Cellular Respiration)
2 ATP molecules (energy the cell can use)
2 NADH (electron carrier)

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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Into the Mitochondria


Before the next step of Cellular Respiration can
occur, the pyruvic acid molecules must go into the
mitochondria
The two oxygen-dependent (aerobic) reactions are the
Citric Acid Cycle (or Krebs Cycle) and the electron
transport chain
Pyruvic acid CO2 + water + ATP

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Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration involves the presence of oxygen
in breaking down of pyruvate to carbon dioxide,
water and energy.
During aerobic respiration, ATP is produced in two
pathways known as the:
* Kreb Cycle
* Electron Transport Chain

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Kreb Cycle
It is also called the citric acid cycle.
It is the series of oxidation reactions that make up the
second phase of aerobic respiration.

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Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle


CO2 is
releas
ed

Pyruvate
from
Glycolysis
fuels the
cycle

CO2 is
releas
ed

NADH
and
FADH2
is
release

ATP
is
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico
releas

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Electron Transport Chain


The movement of electrons from the NADH and
FADH2 occurs along an electron transport chain in the
inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
Electron Transport Chain uses the electron carriers
(NADH and FADH2) to pass electrons down the
protein chain and slowly release energy that is used
to form ATP and water molecules
Electron Transport Chain transfers the most energy

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Electron Transport Chain


Electron carriers loaded with electrons and protons
from the Krebs cycle move to this chain-like a series
of steps (staircase).
As electrons drop down stairs, energy released to
form a total of 32 ATP
Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up
electrons and protons and in doing so becomes water

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Energy Tally
36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic
Glycolysis
Krebs

2 ATP
2 ATP

Electron Transport

32 ATP
36 ATP

Anaerobic organisms cant be too energetic but are


important for global recycling of carbon
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Anaerobic Respiration
The chemical reactions that release energy from food
molecules in the absence of oxygen.

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Fermentation
When oxygen is not available anaerobic respiration,
fermentation, can follow glycolysis in order to
continue to produce energy.
This is not as efficient as aerobic respiration and
produces far fewer ATPs
Two types of fermentation:
Lactic acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
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Lactic acid Fermentation


Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells
during strenuous exercise when a lot of energy is
required and oxygen is scarce (oxygen debt).
Glucose pyruvic acid lactic acid + ATP
The lactic acid is transferred from the muscle cells to
the liver where it will be converted
back into pyruvic acid
The build up of lactic acid in the
muscles is what causes them to
be fatigued
and sore.
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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Alcoholic Fermentation
Yeast and some bacteria cells are capable of
alcoholic fermentation during which glucose is
broken down to release CO2 and ethyl alcohol
Glucose pyruvic acid alcohol + CO2 + ATP
The bubbles formed by the CO2 make
bread rise
The alcohol released
turns grape juice into wine

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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Cellular Respiration
ATP
Glucose

Pyruvic
Acid

NADH
and FADH

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Cycle

Pyruvic
Acid
CO2

ATP

NADH
and FADH

Water
Electron Transport Chain

Oxygen

ATP
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Cellular Respiration Equation


C6H12O6 + 6O2
Glucose
made in
photosynth
esis by
plants or
consumed
by animals

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy


Carbon
Dioxide
waste
product
of the
Citric
Acid
Cycle

Water
released
from
Electro
n
Transpo
rt
Chain

ATP released
from
Glycolysis,
Citric Acid
Cycle, and
Electron
Transport
Chain

Oxygen from
the
atmosphere
Used in
Electron
Transport
Used in
Chain
Glycolysis
Between 34-36 ATP can be made with this process.
This ATP can be used by the cells for cellular metabolism.
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

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Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration


Photosynthesis
Stores Energy as
glucose

Cellular Respiration

Releases Energy in
glucose
Occurs in Living
Cells
Uses an Electron
Transport Chain

Occurs in Plant
Cells

Occurs in Animal
Cells
Releases Oxygen

Releases Carbon
Dioxide
Creates Energy

Neither!

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