CELLULAR REPRODUCTION

CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION - It is the process by which an organism
produces offspring either sexually or asexually. Its main
purpose is for the perpetuation of species.
CELL DIVISION - It is the process of cell reproduction
following several stages to produce two daughter cells. It is
often referred to as CELLULAR REPRODUCTION.

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

Practical Implications
The mechanism that triggers cell division has its
practical implications in combating cancer, a disease
that results from a breakdown in a cells ability to
regulate its own division.
Loss of this regulatory ability produces cells that
divide out of control and form a continuously
growing malignant tumor.

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

What is the triggering agent for

cell division?

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Mitosis Promoting Factor (MPF)

Protein triggering agent for cell division.
MPF purified from one species could be injected into
the cells of a distant species, causing the injected cell
to divide.

Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

Cell triggered for Cell Division

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TYPES OF CELL DIVISION

MEMBRANE GROWTH
MITOSIS (eukaryotic cells)
MEIOSIS (eukaryotic cells)

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Membrane Growth
The process wherein cells partition their genetic
material among prokaryotic cell.

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Mitosis
The process of nuclear
division in which duplicated
chromosomes are separated
from one another, producing
nuclei, each with one copy
of each chromosomes.

Wait for the animation be completed (formation of 2 daughter cells) before proceeding
or you may skip the animation by clicking the mouse
Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico

Mitosis
Comes from the Greek word mitos, meaning thread.
It is the process of nuclear division in which
duplicated chromosomes are separated from one
another, producing two nuclei, each with one copy of
each chromosome.
Mitosis is usually accompanied by cytokinesis,
resulting in two daughter cells with genetic potential
identical to each other and the parent cell which they
arose.
Mitosis can take place in either diploid or haploid
cells, the latter occurring in plants and few animals
(including male bees known as drones).
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Meiosis
This is a type of cell
division that occurs only
in reproductive cells or
gametes.

Wait for the animation be completed (formation of 4 daughter cells) before

proceeding or you may skip the animation by clicking the mouse

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Meiosis
It is a type of cell division that occurs only in
reproductive cells or gametes.
Meiosis occurs only in diploid cells and produces
four daughter nuclei, each containing haploid number
of chromosomes.
Meiosis consists of two nuclear divisions and are
usually accompanied by a corresponding division of
the cytoplasm, resulting in four haploid cells.

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The Cell Cycle

The stages through
which a cell passes
from one cell division
to the next.
Two main stages
Interphase
M phase (M = Mitotic)

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Interphase

Interphase

The longest phase in the

cell cycle of a typical cell.
During this stage the cell
is very active, carrying on
all its usual functions such
as respiration and enzyme
production.
Interphase is a divided for
convinience into G1, S
phase, and G2.

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Interphase
During the G1 phase, the number of organelles and
the amount of cytoplasm in a cell increase.
During the S phase, the chromosomes of the cell
replicate. Replication is the process of copying
genetic material.
During the G2 phase, the cell makes the organelles
and substances it needs for cell division.

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M Phase
Two main steps
1. Mitosis is a series of phases in cell division during
which the nucleus of cell divides into two nuclei with
identical genetic material.
2. Cytokinesis is the process during which the
cytoplasm of the cell divides into two new cells,
called daughter cells.

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M Phase
Each daughter cell
receives one of the two
nuclei.
The daughter cell nuclei
are identical to the
parent cell nucleus in
every way.

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Stages in Mitosis

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Interphase
Centrosomes

The period between

cell division. The
genetic material is in
the form of chromatin.
Centrosomes, a small
oval body, is found just
outside the nuclear
membrane. This is true
in animal cell but not
in plant cell.

Chromatin

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Prophase
Chromatin shortens and
thickens.
DNA in chromatins
replicated.
Chromatin now
becomes chromatid
which is held together at
a single point by a
centromere.

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Prophase

Prometaphase

Both the nucleoli and the

nuclear membrane
disappears into the
cytoplasm. Astral rays form
around each centriole in the
centrosome.
Centriole and its rays is
called an aster.
Aster move toward opposite
side of the cell. They form
spindle fibers.
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Metaphase

Chromosomes move
toward the middle of
the spindle fiber.

Prometaphase

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Metaphase
They line side by side
at the equator.
Chromatids attach to
the spindle fiber at
their centromere.
Metaphase

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Anaphase
Chromatids separate
and begin to travel
away from each other
towards opposite poles.
Anaphase ends when
chromatids reach the
poles.
The chromosome
numbers are the same
as the parent cell.

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Telophase
Chromosomes become
thin chromatin.
Spindle fibers and
asters disappear.
The nuclear membrane
reappears.
Nucleoli appear in the
two new nuclei.

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Telophase
In animal cells,
centrosomes reappear.
Cytoplasm begin to divide
at the equator. Cleavage
furrow appear in animal
cell while in plant cell, cell
plate appear.
When telophase ends, the
mitotic process is
completed and the cell
reenter in interphase

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Cytokinesis
In animal cells, cytokinesis
results when a fiber ring
composed of a protein
called actin around the
center of the cell contracts
pinching the cell into two
daughter cells, each with
one nucleus.
In plant cells, the rigid wall
requires that a cell plate be
synthesized between the
two daughter cells.
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Mitosis Animation

Wait for the animation to finish before going to the next slide
(until the cell has divided into two)
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For more about cell cycle

Click here
(connect to internet)

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Differences Between Mitosis and

Meiosis

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Some Differences between Mitosis and

Meiosis
Meiosis results in the production of daughter cells
that have half the full number of chromosomes of the
parent cell.
Daughter cells that are produced by meiosis are not
all alike.
The number of cells produced in meiosis is different.

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Chromosome Number
Among sexually reproducing organisms, every
gamete, whether a sperm or an egg, contains one
complete set of chromosomes.
In humans, each gamete contains 23 chromosomes.
Except for the gametes, all body cells contain two
complete sets of chromosomes, which in human is 46
chromosomes.
The cell with two complete sets of chromosome is
called diploid while with one complete set of
chromosomes is called a haploid.

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Tumors and Cancer

Tumor - abnormal growths of cells.
Benign Tumor cells remain together and usually cause
little harm. Benign tumors can be often removed by
surgery.
Malignant Tumor cells do not remain together. They
break free from a tumor and migrate to a new locations in
the body. The malignant cells can start new tumors in new
locations.
Cancer - the spread of malignant cells to a new location.
Cancer cells can spread freely because they lack the surface
proteins that bind the normal cells together.
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Types of Reproduction
Asexual reproduce without the use of gametes or
sex cells. One parent organism can reproduce by
itself.
Sexual requires the union of male and female
gametes called fertilization. Male gametes are
called sperm and female gametes are called egg or
ova.

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Asexual Reproduction
Budding a parent organism produces offspring by
growing a tiny replica of itself called a bud, on some part
of its body. (e.g. sponges, yeast)
Fragmentation separated pieces of the parent organism
can develop into new individuals. (e.g. flatworm)
Vegetative Reproduction new plants grow from the
stems, roots, or leaves of an existing plant. (e.g. bermuda
grass, tulips bulb, tubers of potato)
Fission splitting of organism body into 2 identical parts
(e.g. paramecium, planaria)
Sporulation spore formation as in fern plant and
mushrooms.
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Regeneration and Pollination

Regeneration - The ability of some animals to grow
entire body parts lost through accident or injury.
Pollination- the transfer of pollen grains from the
another of one flower to the stigma of another flower

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Types of Pollination
Self Pollination the transfer of pollen grains of one
flower to the stigmata of the same flower.
Cross Pollination the transfer of pollen grains of
one flower to the stigmata of another flower.

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Agents of Pollination

Wind
Water
Animals (insects, grazing animals)
man

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Some Important Terms

FERTILIZATION - The union of male gametes (sperm cells)
and female gametes (egg cells).
ZYGOTE - The single cell that results from fertilization. The
zygote contains two complete sets of chromosomes and
therefore diploid.
HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS - The matching pairs of
chromosomes in a diploid cell.
Both chromosomes in a homologous pair contain information
that code for the same traits.
CROSSING OVER - It is the exchange of genes between
pairs of homologous chromosomes.
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Fertilization
External Fertilization the union of sperm cells and
egg cells happen outside the body of the female
organisms. (e.g. seashells, starfishes, frogs, fishes)
Internal Fertilization the union of sperm cells and
egg cells happen inside the body of the female
organism. (e.g. higher form of animals and humans)

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Pregnancy Period of Some Mammals

Mammals

Pregnancy (gestation) period in weeks

Mouse
Rat
Rabbit
Cat
Dog
Guinea Pig
Sheep
Human
Cow
Horse
Whale
Elephant

3
3
4.3
8.6
8.6
9.7
21.3
36
40
48
80
80
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Thanks for Listening

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