Chapter 7

One Dimensional Array

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this lecture,
learners will be able to:
grasp the basic concept of one
dimensional array and
apply array in Pascal program

Problem with Variable

A variable is a memory location with
a name
var num : integer;

Memory
address

Problem with Variable

Variable that we have been looking
at so far can store only a single data
Suppose you are to write a program
that accepts 3 input numbers and
print it back in the reverse order:
Program Reverse;
Var
num1, num2, num3 : Real;
Begin
Readln(num1, num2, num3);
Writeln(num3, num2, num1);
End.
4

Problem with Variable

What if the number of numbers to be
dealt with is 20 instead of 3?
Program Reverse;
Var
num1, num2 ... num20 : Real;
Begin
Readln(num1, num2 ... num20);
Writeln(num20, num19 ... num1);
End.

What is the difference?

5

Problem with Variable

What if the number of numbers to be
dealt with is 10,000. Do we need
10,000 variables?
That
is
why
we
need
array.
program array_eg;
var
num: array[1..20] of real;
begin
readln(num[1], num[2] ... num[20]);
writeln(num[20], num[19] ... num[1]);
end.

Array Declaration
Array declaration:
var num: Array[1..20] of Real;

Array name

Can store
up to 20
values

Data
type

Array Declaration
var num: array[1..20] of real;
The line:
Readln(num[1], num[2] ... num[20]);

each square bracket is referred by

index.

num[1]

num[2]

num[3]

num[4]

num[5] num[6] num[7] num[8]

8

Array Declaration
Each data stored at the given index
location is called an array element
Element must all be of the same data
type except for integers (could be
stored in array of real)

Sample Program 1
// Input & output array elements

// Sum all of the array elements

program array_eg;
var
num: array[1..20] of real;
i : integer;
begin
for i:= 1 to 20 do
readln(num[i]);

program array_sum;
var
num: array[1..20] of real;
i : integer;
sum : real;
begin
sum := 0;
for i:= 1 to 20 do
readln(num[i]);
for i:=1 to 20 do
sum := num[i] + sum;

for i:=1 to 20 do
writeln(num[i]);
end.

writeln(Sum : , sum);
end.

10

Write a program
That reads in a list of 20 numbers, print out
the numbers and prints out the average
The functionality above is to be accessed by
the user through a text menu:
Welcome to Cool Average App!
Please select your choice (1 -> 4):
1. Read in 20 numbers
2. Print out the numbers
3. Compute average.
4. Quit.
11

Write a program Firstly

Declare the array
ProgramAverage_withMenu;
Var
numbers:Array[1..20]ofReal;
Begin
..
End.

Note that index starts with 1

12

Write a program
Secondly
Show the menu
ProgramAverage_withMenu;
Var
numbers:Array[1..20]ofReal;
Begin
Writeln('WelcometoCoolAverageApp!');
Writeln('Pleaseselectyourchoice(1>4):');
Writeln('1.Readin20numbers');
Writeln('2.Printoutthenumbers');
Writeln('3.Computeaverage');
Writeln('4.Quit');
End.

13

Write a program Thirdly

Get the users choice
Begin
Writeln('WelcometoCoolAverageApp!');
Writeln('Pleaseselectyourchoice(1>4):');
Writeln('1.Readin20numbers');
Writeln('2.Printoutthenumbers');
Writeln('3.Computeaverage');
Writeln('4.Quit');

Readln(choice);
End.

14

Write a program
Fourthly
Take action based on the users
choice
Readln(choice);
Casechoiceof
1:Begin
End;
2:Begin
End;
3:Begin
End;
4:Begin
End;
End;

15

Write a program Fifth

First menu item - Read in 20
numbers
Casechoiceof
1:Begin
Forcounter:=1to20do
Begin
Readln(numbers[counter]);
End;
End;

16

Write a program Sixthly

Second option - Print out the
numbers.
2:Begin
Forcounter:=1to20do
Begin
Writeln(numbers[counter]);
End;
End;

17

Write a program
Seventhly
Third option - Compute the average
3:Begin
sum:=0;
Forcounter:=1to20do

sum:=sum+numbers[counter];

average:=sum/20;
Writeln('Average=',average);
End;

18

Write a program Finally

Quit!
4:Begin
halt;
End;

19

Write a program In the

end
Now, combine all to get a full
program!

20

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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11.
12.
13.

ProgramAverageWithMenu;
Usescrt;winCrt
Var
numbers:Array[1..20]ofReal;
sum,average:Real;
choice,counter:integer;
Begin
Writeln('WelcometoCoolAverage
App!');
Writeln('Pleaseselectyourchoices(1
>4):');
Writeln('1.Readin20numbers');
Writeln('2.Printoutthenumbers');
Writeln('3.Computeaverage');
Writeln('4.Quit');

14. Readln(choice);
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

3:Begin
sum:=0;
Forcounter:=1to20do
Begin
sum:=sum+numbers[counter];
Writeln(CurrentSumis',sum);

27.
28.
29.
30.

End;
average:=sum/20;
Writeln('Average=',average);
End;

31.
32.
33.
34.

4:Begin
halt;
End;
readln;

35. End.
Casechoiceof
1:Begin
Forcounter:=1to20do
Readln(numbers[counter]);
End;
2:Begin
Forcounter:=1to20do
Writeln(numbers[counter]);
End;
21

Exercise.. Question 1
Ask user to input 10 values in an
array. Use these value:5, 3, 15, 0, 25, 6, 7, 93, 41, 10

Exercise.. Question 2
Based on Question 1, use for loops to
display all elements of the array.

Exercise.. Question 3
Based on Question 1, use for loops to
display all elements of the array in
reverse order.

Exercise.. Question 4
Trace and write the output for the
program below.
var i: integer;
newarray: array [1..5] of integer;
begin
for i := 1 to 5 do
newarray[i] := i * 3;
for i := 1 to 5 do
writeln (newarray[i]);
end.

Exercise.. Question 5
Using this line:
var posneg : array [1..15] of integer;

Write a program that calculates the

number of negative and positive
numbers in the array. Users will enter
the elements in the array.

1. program posnegative;
2.
3. var posneg: array [1..30] of integer;
4.
count_pos, count_neg, i: integer;
5.
6. begin
7. writeln ('Enter the elements of the array: ');
8. for i:=0 to 30 do //loop to key in the number
9.
readln (posneg[i]);
10.for i:=0 to 30 do
11.
begin
12.
if posneg[i] < 0 then //condition to check for negative number
13.
count_neg := count_neg + 1
14.
else //if number is not negative, it must be positive
15.
count_pos := count_pos + 1;
16.
end;
17.writeln ('There are ', count_neg, 'negative numbers in the array.');
18.writeln ('There are ', count_pos, 'positive numbers in the array. ');
19.readln();
20.end.
27

Exercise.. Question 6
You are required to write a program
that will check consistency of both
the array values to see whether they
match. Get the input values for both
arrays from the user.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
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20.
21.
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23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.

program compare_array;

var x : array [1..5] of integer;

y : array [1..5] of integer;
status, i: integer;

begin
status := 1;
write ('Enter values of first array: ');
for i:= 1 to 5 do
read (x[i]);

write ('Enter values of second array: ');

for i:= 1 to 5 do
read (y[i]);

for i := 1 to 5 do
begin
if x[i]<>y[i] then
status := 0
end;

if status = 0 then
writeln ('There are not equal')
else
writeln ('There are equal');
readln();
end.
29

Exercise.. Question 7
Could we swap elements within
array?
Could we swap elements between
arrays?

30

1.
2.
3.
4.

program bubble_sort;
const MAX = 5;
Var i, j, temp : integer;
num : array[1..5] of integer;

5. procedure fill_array();
6. begin
7. // fill up the array
8. write('Enter five integers > ');
9. for i := 1 to MAX do
10. read(num[i]);
11. readln();
12.end;
13.procedure sort();
14.begin
15. // sort the array elements
16. for i := 1 to MAX do
17. for j := 1 to MAX - i do
18.
if num[j] > num[j + 1] then
19.
begin
20.
temp := num[j];
21.
num[j] := num[j + 1];
22.
num[j + 1] := temp;
23.
end;
24.end;

26.procedure display();
27.begin
28. // display the array elements
29. write('Now the array
contains :');
30. for i := 1 to MAX do
31. write(num[i]:5);
32. writeln();
33.end;
34.procedure exitprogram();
35.begin
36. writeln('Press any key to exit,
TQ.');
37. readln();
38.end;
39.begin
40. fill_array();
41. display();
42. sort();
43. display();
44. exitprogram();
45.end.
31

Exercise.. Question 7

FIGURE Q2a and FIGURE Q2b are sample output screen for a program that declares three singledimensional arrays named University, Year2012 and Year2013. This program gets the input from
user for Year2013 only. Universities name and number of student for Year2012 are assigned in the
program. These arrays will store value for five elements. Total student for Year2012 and Year2013
are calculated and displayed in a table. If number of student for Year2013 is greater than Year2012
then appropriate message is displayed.

32

Sample Program 2
There are several pieces of
information that go together, for
example
Staff IDs, Department and Salary
Student IDs, Courses and Grades

index value as the primary key

33

Sample Program
var
var
staffID :: array[1..6]
array[1..6] of
of integer;
integer;
staffID
salary :: array[1..6]
array[1..6] of
of real;
real;
salary
staffID[1] 11011

salary[1] 1200

staffID[2] 11013

salary[2] 7500

staffID[3] 11015

salary[3] 8550

staffID[4] 11014

salary[4] 6300

staffID[5] 11016

salary[5] 4550

staffID[6] 11012

salary[6] 2500

34

program staff;
const
MAX = 6;//array upper bound
var
Whogets
getsthe
the
i,
// array index
Who
highest
: integer; // index for highest salary
highestsalary?
salary?
highest
highest_salary : real;
staffID
: array[1..MAX] of integer;
salary
: array[1..MAX] of real;
begin
// fill in the array
for i := 1 to MAX do
begin
write('Enter staff ID <space> salary --> ');
readln(staffID[i], salary[i]);
end;
// find the highest salary and displays
// the staff ID of the person who gets the highest pay
highest_salary := salary[1]; //assign the first stored salary as highest salary
highest := 1;
for i := 2 to MAX do
begin
if salary[i] > highest_salary then
begin
highest_salary := salary[i];
highest := i;
// capture array index for highest salary
end;
end;
writeln(staffID[highest], ' gets the highest pay.'); // display staffID
write('Press any key to exit, TQ!');
35
readln();
end.

program staff;
const
MAX = 6;
Liststaff
staffIDs
IDswith
with
var
List
i
: integer;
salaryover
over
salary
staffID
: array[1..MAX] of integer;
RM5000
RM5000
salary
: array[1..MAX] of real;
begin
// fill in the array
for i := 1 to MAX do
begin
write('Enter staff ID <space> salary --> ');
readln(staffID[i], salary[i]);
end;
// find and display staff ID with salary over RM5000
writeln();
writeln('List of staff with salary over RM5000');
writeln('StaffID
Salary');
writeln('------------------');
for i := 1 to MAX do
begin
if salary[i] > 5000 then
begin
writeln(staffID[i], '(':5,salary[i]:0:2,')'); // display staff ID
end;
end;
writeln('------------------');
write('Press any key to exit, TQ!');
readln();
end.
36

Now, why dont you try?

displaystaff
staffID
IDwith
with
display
thelowest
lowest
the
salary
salary

Liststaff
staffIDs
IDswith
with
List
salaryover
over
salary
theaverage
average
the
salary
salary

Liststaff
staffIDs
IDswith
with
List
salarybelow
below
salary
RM5000
RM5000

37