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GAS
SK0013
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
LECTURE 3
Physical Characteristic
Atmospheric Pressure
Gas Law
Ideal Gas Equation
Gas Stoichiometry
Kinetic Molecular Theory of
Gas
NO2 gas
TK = tC + 273
PRESSURE OF A GAS
Pressure (P) is defined as force (F) per unit area
(A).
Force
Pressure =
P=
Area
F
A
Pressure Unit:
SI Unit =1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2
Common used unit is the atmosphere
(atm)
1 atm
= 101325 Pa = 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg
Other units
such as mmHg and torr, is
1 torr = 1 mmHg
also used
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Atmospheric
pressure is the
pressure exerted by
the earths
atmosphere.
The actual value of
atmospheric pressure
depends on location,
temperature and
weather conditions.
10 miles
4 miles
Sea level
0.2 atm
0.5 atm
1 atm
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
How is atmospheric
pressure measured?
Using Barometer
Standard atmospheric
pressure (1 atm) is equal
to the pressure that
supports a column of
mercury exactly 760 mm
high at 0C at sea level.
1 atm = 760 mmHg
Barometer
Pgas= gh
: density of the
liquid
g: gravity at 9.81
ms-2
h: height of the
liquid in the
manometer
Speed of molecules of
nitrogen gas at three
different temperatures
V I
or
V Constant amount of gas
P
V decrease as P increase
P1 V1 = P2 V2
P1V1 = P2V2
P1 = 1.50 atm
V1 = 180 cm3
P2 = ?
V2 = 220 cm3
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
P1 = 726 mmHg
P2 = ?
V1 = 946 mL
V2 = 154 mL
As T increasesV increases
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Temperature must be in
Kelvin
T (K) = t (0C) + 273.15
V1/T1 = V2/T2
V1 = 3.20 L
T1 = 398.15 K
V2 = 1.54 L
T2 = ?
V2 = ?
T2 = 250 K
V1 x T2
T1
2.00 L x 250 K
=
300 K
1.67 L
V T/P
PV= constant
T
or
Or in 2 different condition:
P1V1
T1
P2V2
T2
P1V1
T1
P2V2
T2
5
-2
P
V
T
1.05
x
10
Nm
x
60
mL
x
273
K
1
1
2
V2 =
=
T1P2
101325 Nm-2 x 333 K
= 50.97 mL
4NH3 + 5O2
4 mole NH3
4NO + 6H2O
4 mole NO
At constant T and P
1 volume NH3
1 volume NO
. IdealCharless
gas equation
of three gas
Law
: is
V a combination
T(n, P are constant)
laws:Avogadro s Law : V n(P, T are constant)
V (1/P)(T)(n)
PV
nT
= constant
PV = nRT
Ideal Gas Equation
or
nT
P
R
R is
is gas
gas constant.
constant. Unit
Unit
and
and value
value of
of R
R is
is depend
depend
on
on unit
unit of
of pressure
pressure and
and
volume
volume used.
used.
Pressure Unit R Value
R Unit
Atm
0.08206
Nm-2
8.314
Nm mol-1 K-1
T = 30 0C = 303 K
R = 0.08206 L atm / mol K
By using the ideal gas equation: PV = nRT
nRT
P=
V
0.508 mol x 0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1 x 303 K
P=
15 L
P = 0.842 atm
PV = nRT
nRT
V=
P
P = 1 atm
1 mol HCl
n = 49.8 g x
= 1.37 mol
36.45 g HCl
P1 = 1.20 atm P2 = ?
T1 = 291 K
T2 = 358 K
T2
P2 = P1 x = 1.20 atm x358 K= 1.48 atm
291 K
T1
STOICHIOMETRY OF GASEOUS
REACTION
A balance equation can be used to related
moles or grams of substances taking part in a
reaction.
We use the Ideal gas law and the conversion
factor approach.
STOICHIOMETRY OF GASEOUS
Octane, C H is one of the hydrocarbons in gasoline. On combustion
REACTION
8
18
2. nO2
=
1.00 g C8H18
3. VO2
=
16CO2 + 18H2O
25 mol O2
1 mol C8H18
x
x
114.22 g C8H18 2 mol C8H18
nRT
P 0.109 mol x 0.0821 Latm
molK
=
0.974 atm
= 0.109 mol O2
x 297 K
= 2.73 L
STOICHIOMETRY OF GASEOUS
REACTION
What is the volume of CO produced at 37 C and 1.00 atm
0
g C6H12O6
5.60 g C6H12O6 x
nRT
V=
=
P
mol C6H12O6
mol CO2
V CO2
6 mol CO2
1 mol C6H12O6
x
= 0.187 mol CO2
180 g C6H12O6
1 mol C6H12O6
Latm
x 310.15 K
molK
1.00 atm
= 4.76 L
Or
mRT
PV =
Mr
m RT
P=
V Mr
P Mr
d=
RT
where
where
n=
m
Mr
m
=d
V
Shows
Shows the
the gas
gas density
density is
is
proportional
proportional to
to the
the relative
relative
molecular
molecular mass
mass and
and gas
gas pressure
pressure
but
but is
is inversely
inversely proportional
proportional to
to
temperature
temperature (K)
(K)
P = 0.978 atm
R = 0.0821 L atm
-1
mol
K-1 K
T = 298
P Mr
d=
RT
d RT
P=
Mr
780 =
760
2.45
x 0.0821 x 298
Mr
Mr =
58.4 g/mol
PJ = P 1 + P 2
+ P3
P1
P2
n1RT
P1 =
V
n2RT
P2 =
V
Pjumlah = P1 + P2
nART
PA =
V
Ptotal
A
Ptota
ntotalRT
=
V
= nA
ntota
l
The fraction of nA/ntotal is l referred as mole fraction
of A in a mixture. It is the fraction of the total
number of moles that is accounted for by gas A.
Using XA to represent the mole fraction of A.
PA = XA PTotal
Pi = Xi PT
Xpropane
PT = 1.37 atm
0.116
= 0.0132
=
8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116
Attracti
ve
Forces
P(
+
corrected corrected
pressure volume