Lecture 2

Visual programming
The goal
By
Roshan Kumar Shah

The User Goal

If we pay Much attention to the
technology for a solution , It distracts us
from the user.
Software with superb performance for a
business diligence might be critical and
commercial failure.
Hence to create successful, effective
software we have to focus on user goal.
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.2

Software Focusing on
Technology
While focusing on technology and task
rather than users goal we might have
facing problems in their design like
Software that is rude
Software that is obscure
Software with inappropriate berhaviour
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2.3

Software That is rude

It blames the user for making mistakes that are
not users fault, or should not be.
Always thinks the user is computer literate
Interrogates frequently with the questions that
they doesnt prepared for.
Forcing them to go through unnecessary steps.
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.4

Software That is Obscure

Software is frequently hiding meaning, intension
and actions from the user.
Feature are hidden behind a veil of menus and
dialogs and windows.
Software demands tough questions before
telling them the effects their answers might
have.
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.5

Software with
Inappropriate Behavior
Software programs might have exercise in
window pollution, with multiple pop ups
and making navigation difficult.
Software may offering irritating setting that
offering our confirmation without allowing
us to change the values we disagree with.
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.6

The goal Directed Design

Purpose
Eliminate unnecessary features from our
products
Separate good designs from bad ones
Create software that makes the user
happier and more effective
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2.7

The Goal Vs Task

Easily Confused
ex. Military
Goal: To keep Peace
Task: To wage war

Often seen in computer systems

The programmers task is to put barriers up to protect data integrity.
The users goal is to handle the various needs of the client.
Result: If the client hasnt decided where an order is to be shipped, the
software rejects the order for lack of a valid shipping address
The programmer has imposed His goals on the user, rather than
making the software fit the users goals.

The Users goals remain constant, even as the technology

changes!
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.8

4 Types of Goals
Technical Goals

Practical goals

Avoid meetings
To save memory
Handle a clients demands
Safeguard data
integrity
Use cool technology Personal Goals
Corporate Goals
To not feel stupid
Increase profit
Work hard
Defeat competition
Not making Big mistakes
To go public
Have fun
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.9

Technical Goals
Achieved by ignoring the user and focusing
on the needs of the code.
These goals are really just tasksmeans
to an end, rather than the end themselves.
It may be a companys task to use the
latest technology, but the goal should be to
get the job done as efficiently as possible.
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.10

Corporate / Practical Goals

Hygienic Goals goals that are
prerequisites for effective functioning
but are powerless to achieve success
by themselves.
Practical Goals often connect the
corporate goals with the users.
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.11

Personal Goals
Always true and operate for everyone.
For example, if software makes the user
feel stupid then he or she will lose selfesteem and thus, effectiveness.
Ex. Error Messages in effect blame the
user for the softwares shortcomings.

By: Roshan kr. shah

2.12

Problems In General Software

Making the User look stupid
Causing the user make big mistakes
Slowing the user so s/he doesnt get an
adequate amount of work done
Preventing fun and boring the user

By: Roshan kr. shah

2.13

The Essence of the user

Interface Design
A successful software meets users goal
first.
So an good Interface design must ask
How will the software be used?
Who will use it?
How frequently and how long?
Importance of data integrity, Learnability
and portability?
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2.14

The Essence of the user

Interface Design
Ease of learning is Important.
Making things Easier is the target.
Ease of learning is the most important
consideration
A good design makes user more effective.
Goal of not looking stupid.
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.15

Interview Questions User

!= Designer
Would this be useful to
you?
When would it be useful
to you?
What would you hope to
accomplish by using this
application?
What would you like to
see in this application?

How difficult was it for you to

understand logic gates?
(unless they say it was really
easy): What was the most
difficult aspect to
understand?
What did you do to get ready
for the exams related to logic
gates?
Do you enjoy creating circuits
using logic gates? etc.

Introduction to Software Design

The products were manufactured in the
mechanical age.
While the object of value are
represented in form of digital thing in the
information age.
Software creators are policing their own
profession since programming begins.
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.17

Software Design Vs User Interface

Design
Software design is that portion of development
process that is responsible for determining
how the program will achieve the users goal.
They Include the principle:
What the software program will do ?
What it will look like?
How it will communicate with user?
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.18

Software Design Vs User Interface

Design
User Interface design is a subset of
software design that includes the
principle:
What it will look like?
How it will communicate with user?
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.19

Software Discipline
Usability Professionals
Not coming from the rank of the programmers . Rather they
specialize in the study how people interact with software

Human factor Engineering

Also human computer Interaction or ergonomics ,. researches the
behavior of people as they interact with computers and other technological
artifacts

Cognitive psychology
This discipline looks at how people think and understand world
around them , particularly technical artifacts they work with.

By: Roshan kr. shah

2.20

Conclusion
Let the Users Goals be our guide
we must observe users in order to fully understand their goals
Dont be fooled by their own ignorance of their objectives.
If you simply ask them to design their software, they will describe tasks
and ignore their actual goals.

The process begins with us

Identify the Hygienic and Personal goals of the user and design an
interface that serves them directly.
If you dont, you risk creating another computer program that makes
the user feel stupid, which ultimately causes them to fail in completing
the goals of the company.
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.21

Model Of Interface Design

By: Roshan kr. shah

2.22

Model Of Interface Design

According to the view of software designing the
Interface design have following three models
The implementation model
The manifest model
The conceptual model

By: Roshan kr. shah

2.23

Interface Design Models

Four different models occur in HCI design:
1.

The design model expresses the software design.

2.

The user model describes the profile of the end users. (i.e.
novices, Experts etc.)

3.

The users model is the end users perception of the system.

4.

The system image is the external manifestation of the system

(look and feel + documentation etc.)
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2.24

The implementation model

The actual Method of how a device or how a software
works is called an implementation model.

It is the way an engineer must build the program.

By: Roshan kr. shah

2.25

The conceptual model

The way the user perceives the program is usually
beyond our control.
The viewers imagination about a software is known as
conceptual model or mental model.
Hence the user will conjure up a likely image we call the
mental model.

By: Roshan kr. shah

2.26

The manifest model

The way the designer chooses to render the program we
call the manifest model.
This is one aspect of the program we change
significantly.

By: Roshan kr. shah

2.27

UI Models

Implementation
Model

Mental
Model
Worse

Manifest Models

Better
Alan Cooper, About Face, 1995

By: Roshan kr. shah

2.28

Conclusion

If we use logic and reason to make the

manifest model follow reality
- the
implementation model - shown left , we will
create a bad interface.

On other hand, if we abandon logic and make

manifest model follow users imagination the
mental model shown on the right , we will
create a good interface.
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.29

Interface Design

By: Roshan kr. shah

2.30

Visual Interface Design

The quality that make an user interface good
are user - centric not technology centric.
Graphicalness of a software is technological
centric quality.
There are basically two type of important user
centric qualities are :
Visualness
Programs vocabulary
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.31

Visual Interface Design

User - centered design is an approach
to UI design where the needs of the
user are paramount and where the user
is involved in the design process
UI design always involves the
development of prototype interfaces
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2.32

Interface Design process

Ref: Ian Somerville 2000 Software Engineering,

By: Roshan kr. shah

2.33

Visual Interface Design

(contd)

Reference : Alan Cooper and the Goal Directed Design Process By Hugh Dubberly

By: Roshan kr. shah

2.34

Visual Interface Design

(contd)
The issue is not the Graphic nature of a
program its the Visualness of a program
.
Hence its visual User interface instead
of Graphical user interface that we are
looking for. The software that recognizes
this is called visual interface design.
By: Roshan kr. shah

2.35

Visual Patterns (contd)

Tables
Checks
Orders
Specials
List

By: Roshan kr. shah

2.36

Visual Patterns (contd)

By: Roshan kr. shah

2.37

End of Chapter one

By: Roshan kr. shah

2.38