Thermal Presentation Long

Radiative Heat Trade-Offs for
Spacecraft Thermal Protection

A Practical Guide to
Thermal Blanket/Multi-Layer
Insulation Design
Scott Franke
AFRL/VSSV
1
Thermal Radiation Trade-offs Overview
Thermal Radiation Basics

Properties and Relations: View Factor, absorptivity, emissivity, Stefan-Boltzmann, thin-plate ODE
Radiation Geometries: Parallel Plates, Convex Object in Large Cavity
Sources: Solar Radiation, Earth Radiation, Albedo
Materials
Radiative Comparison
Long Term Exposure Degradation
Multi-Layer Insulation (Thermal Blanket / Shroud)
Orbit Considerations
GEO, LEO, Lagrange points, Inclination
Design Examples
Design for Stabilization of Oscillating Heat Flux
@ LEO
Oscillation due to orbit: sun/shadow (umbra)
Design for Specific Temperature with Constant Heat Flux
@ Sun-Earth Lagrange (L2) point:
Stationary position relative to Earth.
Summary/Questions
Thermal Radiation Basics: Properties and Relations
No medium required, only optical transmission
Only effective heat transfer method in empty space

unless very low earth orbit (drag convection conduction)
Properties for transmission:
Absorptivity, : ability for the surface to absorb radiation.

Emissivity, : ability for the surface to emit radiation.
View factor, F12: relates fraction of thermal power leaving object 1 and reaching
object 2.
Surface finish dependent;

want low values for both
Used when a sink can see more than one source
Relations:
Blackbody vs. Greybody radiation
Blackbody is ideal emitter (max case): 1

Greybody is anything less than blackbody, 0 < < 1
Stefan-Boltzmann relation (any greybody):
q AB
B TB TA
Note: q is really area-normalized q-dot (W/m2)

= Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
Thermal Radiation Basics: Properties and Relations
Simple time ODE for radiantly heated thin plate:

4
d
c h T T
dt
= material density
= Stefan-Boltzmann
h = material thickness
c = material heat capacitance
In order to use such a simple equation: Assumptions.

1) Our thermal blanket/MLI behaves as a thin plate
2) Density is uniform
3) Temperature is same everywhere on blanket (big assumption)
Why bother then?

Because it gives us a good rough approximation without using a FEM model
Hard to model with FEM thermal blanket irregular/unpredictable geometry
Reliably vague (ballpark reliability)
4
Thermal Radiation Basics: Radiation Geometries
Heat flux (W/m2) between:
T 1 T 2
q 12
Two large (infinite) plates
1
2
1
2
F12 = 1 (View Factor)
Small Convex Object in a

Large Cavity
q 12
1 T 1 T 2
F12 = 1
Thermal Radiation Basics: Sources

Flux (W/m2)
Solar Radiation
Sun radiates at blackbody temperature of

~5000K Solar Constant: ~1350 W/m2
q = 1350 cos()
is angle between S/C normal to the sun
Largest heat source by far
Function of S/C attitude only
Earth Blackbody Radiation
View factor specific (how close you are to

earth compared to sun)
T (Earth blackbody) = 289 K

q = T4 F
Function of S/C attitude AND orbit
Earth Albedo
Reflected light from sun

q = 1350 AF F cos()
Function of S/C attitude, orbit, AND
season/latitude/longitude
AF = Albedo Factor ~ 0.36 on average

AF is a measure of reflectivity of Earths surface.
= Angle between S/C surface and sun
( is 90 degrees out of phase with )
6

Materials
Design Examples
@ LEO
Summary/Questions
Materials: Radiative Property Comparison
Material absorptivity () varies with

temperature of source.
Anodized Aluminum (13)

Polished Aluminum (15)
8
Materials: Radiative Property Comparison
Not easily found via web
www.matweb.com some data on certain materials, emissivity is searchable
Materials: Degradation
10 yrs
@ Simulated
GEO
(also, LDEF)
Cosmic Rays, Solar Storms, etc. deteriorate paint over time.

Thin films used in for Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI) can also degrade over long term:
Tedlar thin film exposed

To 3 yrs simulated GEO
10
Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) MLI Test Blanket
11
Materials:
Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI) / Thermal Blanket
Typically Aluminized Mylar
Hubble ST: Aluminized Teflon FEP
(fluorinated ethylene propylene)
Dacron Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

deposited between each sheet
Layers expand like a balloon due to lack of
pressure on orbit negates conductivity
Protects against orbital debris / micrometeoroids
q leak
2 leak
n1
Heat leaking through layers.

= maximum heat flux encountered
n layers
Dacron filling
12

Materials
Design Examples
@ LEO
Summary/Questions
13
Orbit Geometry Considerations (GEO)

Simple Case: Zero Degree Inclination (2D Planar Orbit)
Earth Radius: RE = 6.378 x103 km
Altitude (GEO)
= 35.785 x103 km
Rorbit = RE + GEO = 42.163 x103 km
4.8% of the 2D GEO orbit
sweeps through the Umbra
Umbra boundary
Sunlight
Umbra boundary
Earth Surface
Orbit
Top-down (North facing South) view of Earth
14
Orbit Geometry Considerations (LEO)

Simple Case: Zero Degree Inclination (2D Planar Orbit)
Earth Radius:
RE = 6.378 x103 km
Altitude = 150 n.mi. = 0.278 x103 km
Rorbit = RE + Altitude = 6.656 x103 km
Earth Surface
Orbit
Umbra boundary
Sunlight
40% of the equatorial orbit

(Order of magnitude higher
than GEO!!)
Umbra boundary
15
LEO Inclination Concerns (more significant than GEO)

The 2D-planar orbit is a rough approximation of the sunlight geometry. Seasons (axis tilt)
and inclination will change the percent of orbit that sweeps through the umbra.
Orbit sweeping through
Umbra << 40%
Umbra
Sunlight
0% of orbit sweeps
through Umbra
(constant sunlight
on one side)
60o Inclined Orbit
An extreme case: 60o Inclination

dT/dt lower than equatorial case
90o Polar Orbit

The Most Benign Case Possible
dT/dt = 0
From these cases, one can see that the zero degree case (at solstice) for LEO has the
highest dT/dt possible, and represents the worst thermal transient condition.
16

Materials
Design Examples
@ LEO
Summary/Questions
17

(Typical for LEO orbit)
Given
90 minute orbit, LEO altitude, 0 degree inclination
Orbit is around earth, satellite sweeps through earths shadow (Umbra)

periodically.
Consider Solar, Earth, and Albedo radiation flux.

Satellite is always pointed at Nadir (angular rotation rate is orbit rate)
Temperature fluctuates due to Umbra sweep but eventually achieves an
average steady state. (nominal temperature, To)
Find
Thermal blanket MLI material specification and number of layers to keep

satellite structural members at nominal delta T < 0.5 K to prevent large
thermal expansion in members.
Strategy
Model MLI blanket as a thin plate

Use simple ODE
18
Multi Layer Insulation (MLI) Design Overview
Assumption:
Shroud modeled as
thin circular plate.
B
A
Heat leaking through

MLI can not be more
than heat between
surfaces A and B,
limited by design
requirement: T = 1 K.
qAB = f (T)
Required:
q leak q AB
External Heat flux ()

Sun + Albedo + Earth
A
qleak
qAB
B
MLI
Spacecraft structural members

modeled as small convex object
in a large cavity.
Heat qAB is omnidirectional throughout shroud (assumption).
19
LEO Geometric Considerations (revisited)

Simple Case: Zero Degree Inclination (2D-Planar Orbit)
Earth Radius:
RE = 6.378 x103 km
Altitude = 150 n.mi. = 0.278 x103 km
Rorbit = RE + Altitude = 6.656 x103 km
Earth Surface
Orbit
Umbra boundary
40% of the equatorial orbit

Sunlight
Umbra boundary
20
f lu x (W /m ^ 2 )
Thermal Radiation Flux Profile for One Equatorial Orbit

Based on view factor and satellite-earth angle
External Source Radiated Heat Flux
1500
1000
Umbra Region:
(~40% of orbit)
500
50
Total
Albedo
Solar
Earth
100
150
200
Planar Orbit (deg)
250
300
350
21
f lu x ( W /m ^ 2 )
Thermal Radiation Flux Profile Explained:

Change Due to Orbit/Sun Angle
2D plate model
Ex ternal Sourc e Radiated Heat Flux

1500
1000
Umbra Region:
(~40% of orbit)
500
50
To tal
A lbed o
So lar
Earth
100
150
200
Planar Orbit (deg)
250
300
350
22
Temperature Response Showing Steady State

(Time ODE calculation for Thin Plate)
Temperature (K)
400
300
200
100
10
Time (hours)
15
20
Temperature (K)
400
To ~ 340 K
350
300
15
16
17
18
Time (hours)
19
20
21
23
Multi-Layer Insulation Design Computation (Droopy Eyes!)
From previous, nominal temperature for 2D orbit: TO = 340 K

Worst case for objects inside emissivity = 1:
MLI (material dependent) emissivity: leak

Stefan-Boltzman Constant:
MLI (Gold coat)

kg
3 4
s K
Unit heat flow between two surfaces of emissivity: q AB

(Small convex object in a large cavity depends only
on small objects emissivity)
Linearizing the above:
.04
5.67 10
From design requirement: T
Shroud, A
Truss/Interior
(see NASA contractor report 3800)

Solving for surface to surface heat flux: q AB
1 K
( 0.5 K)
B T2 T1
q AB
4 B To
4 T B To
3
24
MLI Design Computation Concluded
From before, surface-surface heat flux:

(known)
Worst case thermal radiation from external sources:
(known)
heat leaking through MLI:
(unknown due to n)
To find n, relate qleak <= qAB:
(solve for n)
max q external
q leak
4 T B To
2 leak
n1
2 leak
4 T B To
= f (outer material, geometry)
qAB = f (T)
Required:
q leak q AB
q AB
qleak
leak = MLI material dependent
qAB
B
B = always 1 (worst case)
25
MLI Design Tradeoffs (LEO, equatorial)
Shroud Exterior Solar

Spectrum Absorptivity
Shroud Exterior Earth

Spectrum Absorptivity
Emissivity
between MLI
and Interior
Emissivity
between layers of
MLI
Steady State
Temp. (K) (T
= 1 K)
Number of
MLI layers
Worst Case
367
322
Graphite Epoxy
Exterior /
0.85
0.6
0.08
340
25
0.85
0.6
0.05
340
15
Graphite Epoxy / Gold

MLI
0.85
0.6
0.04
340
12
Gold Coat Ext. /
0.04
0.04
0.04
163
Nickel Coat Ext. / Gold

MLI
0.08
0.08
0.04
194
Anodized Aluminum
Ext. /
0.15
0.8
0.04
290
Nickel MLI
Graphite Epoxy
Exterior /
Silver MLI
Gold MLI
Gold MLI
INPUT
OUTPUT
26
Design for Constant Heat Flux
Given
Spacecraft at Sun-Earth Lagrange L2 point
Consider Solar heat flux only, since View Factor for Earth is negligible.
Maneuver time is about four hours, (angular rotation rate is very slow)
Temperature is constant once at desired rotated position
Find
No orbit about Earth, only about the sun. No shadow sweeps.
Thermal blanket MLI material specification and number of layers to keep satellite
structural members at nominal temperature of 200K.
Strategy
Model MLI blanket as a thin plate
Specify number of layers, material specs to get steady state temp. to 200K
Use simple ODE to achieve settling time within 4 hours and discover steady state
temperature
27
Constant Radiation: Large Lissajous orbit about S-E L2
z
y
L2 lies 1.5 million km from Earth,

1% farther from the sun than the earth
300,000 km Lissajous Orbit

Avoids a ~13,000 km-radius Earth shadow
Conclusion: Thermal Environment is stable.

Source: http://astro.estec.esa.nl/GAIA/Assets/Papers/IN_L2_orbit.pdf
28
Thermally Stable Orbit

(Worst Case for Steady State Temperature)
Assumption: gold foil material exterior
Solar, Albedo and Earth Fluxes calculated to be:
Total Constant Heat Flux :
q S 405
W
2
q A 139.71
qt 658.412
W
2
q E 113.702
W
2
W
2
Using ODE for Radiantly Heated Thin Plate:
c h
4
d
T T
dt
Steady State Temp

= 583.7 K (exterior)
Stead State Temperature Calculation

600
T emp erature (K)
Note: Gold Melting

Point = 1337 K
400
200
Temp. Settling Time

= 35 hours (~580 K)
Note: Maneuver Time

29
= 4 hours max
5000
1 10
1.5 10
Time (s)
2 10
2.5 10
3 10
Two Methods for Modeling Shroud and Contents
Method 1 (previous):
Using the method the same as for the fluctuating heat: q AB
Equation above is
Transformed into: q AB
Also:
So, design
parameter is:
4 T B To
q leak
q leak q AB
Shroud, A
2 leak
n1
B TA TB
B
qleak
Text
To
qAB
T
qleak
Text
This only holds if temperatures are close to the desired nominal temperature (200 K).
See Hedgepeth, pg. 9. (NASA contractor report 3800) However, as we have seen from the
steady state computation:
Text = 580 K >> 200 K !!!!
30
This method may not hold.
Two Methods For Modeling Shroud and Contents
Method 2 ( A better
approximation?) :
Model as 2D planar surface
(contents surfaces) enclosed by
another 2D plate (shroud surface)
Equation for heat leaking across
two parallel plates with N shield
layers:
q leak
Shroud, A
B
qleak
Text
To
qleak
Text
q
N 1 12
Outside plate:
Shroud exterior, Text
N shield layers (A)

Inside plate (B), To
Where q12 is the heat flux between

plates with no shielding:
q 12
qAB
4
4
T 2 T 1
T1 = To and T2 = Text
2
31
MLI Design Method 2
Similar to method 1 except solve for N with definite T2 and T1 known:

T2 T1
q 12
1
1
1
2
q leak
q
N 1 12
q leak q AB
q AB T 4 AB To
Solving these four equations gives:

4
4
T2 T1
N 1
1
3 1
T 4 To
1
1 2
Note:
T = 1 K
To = 200 K
T1 = 200 K
T2 = 580 K
1 = 1
2 = 0.03
(Proposed sub-requirement)
(Given requirement)
(Steady state exterior temperature)
(Worst case for telescope/truss surfaces)
(Gold emissivity)
T2 and 2 depend on material selected.

T2 also depends on external heat flux () from Sun and Earth, etc.
32
Differences between Method 1 and Method 2
Method 1:
Small Convex Object
Enclosed in Large Cavity
External Temperature
T2 T1
2 leak
4 T B To
Method 2:
Two Parallel Plates
n = f (Heat Flux, Material)
T 4 To
3
N = f (External Temperature, Material)
f (Heat Flux)
33
Thermal Shroud Design Results
Shroud Exterior
Absorptivity
Emissivity between
MLI and Interior
Emissivity between
layers of MLI
Exterior Steady
State Temp. (K)
Number of MLI
layers
.035
271
(Worst case)
Method 1
0.07
Silver (Coated?)**
Method 2
(valid)*
0.07
.035
271
0.3
0.03
583
21
Silver (Coated?)
Method 1
(Gold Foil)
Method 2
(not valid)
0.3
0.03
583
107
0.15
0.06
347
21
(Gold Foil)
Method 1
(Aluminum Foil)
Method 2
(Not valid?)
0.15
0.06
347
24
(Aluminum Foil)
*Valid = steady state temperature close to nominal

**Questionable if silver can be used as coating
Conclusion: 5 Ag layers, 107 Au layers, 24 Al layers
34
Thermal Radiation Trade-offs: Summary / Questions
Space Thermal Environment Dependencies:
Orbit Altitude (GEO, LEO, L points)

Inclination
S/C Attitude
Design Issues
Materials
Modeling (geometry, assumptions)
Given requirements or desirements (delta T, etc.)
Analytical Insight (ODE, FEM)
35
Thermal Radiation Trade-offs
4. http://www.swales.com/products/therm_blank.html
5. http://setas-www.larc.nasa.gov/LDEF/index.html
6. http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/summer2003/07.html
36

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Radiative Heat Trade-Offs for

Spacecraft Thermal Protection

Thermal Radiation Trade-offs Overview

Thermal Radiation Basics

Thermal Radiation Basics: Properties and Relations

No medium required, only optical transmission

Only effective heat transfer method in empty space

Properties for transmission:

Absorptivity, : ability for the surface to absorb radiation.

Surface finish dependent;

Used when a sink can see more than one source

Blackbody vs. Greybody radiation

Blackbody is ideal emitter (max case): 1

Stefan-Boltzmann relation (any greybody):

Note: q is really area-normalized q-dot (W/m2)

Thermal Radiation Basics: Properties and Relations

Simple time ODE for radiantly heated thin plate:

In order to use such a simple equation: Assumptions.

Why bother then?

Thermal Radiation Basics: Radiation Geometries

Heat flux (W/m2) between:

Two large (infinite) plates

F12 = 1 (View Factor)

Small Convex Object in a

Thermal Radiation Basics: Sources

Sun radiates at blackbody temperature of

Earth Blackbody Radiation

View factor specific (how close you are to

T (Earth blackbody) = 289 K

Reflected light from sun

AF = Albedo Factor ~ 0.36 on average

Thermal Radiation Trade-offs Overview

Thermal Radiation Basics

Materials: Radiative Property Comparison

Material absorptivity () varies with

Anodized Aluminum (13)

Materials: Radiative Property Comparison

Not easily found via web

www.matweb.com some data on certain materials, emissivity is searchable

Cosmic Rays, Solar Storms, etc. deteriorate paint over time.

Tedlar thin film exposed

Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) MLI Test Blanket

Dacron Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

Heat leaking through layers.

Thermal Radiation Trade-offs Overview

Thermal Radiation Basics

Orbit Geometry Considerations (GEO)

Top-down (North facing South) view of Earth

Orbit Geometry Considerations (LEO)

40% of the equatorial orbit

Top-down (North facing South) view of Earth

LEO Inclination Concerns (more significant than GEO)

60o Inclined Orbit

An extreme case: 60o Inclination

90o Polar Orbit

Thermal Radiation Trade-offs Overview

Thermal Radiation Basics

Design for Stabilization of Oscillating Heat Flux

Orbit is around earth, satellite sweeps through earths shadow (Umbra)

Consider Solar, Earth, and Albedo radiation flux.

Thermal blanket MLI material specification and number of layers to keep

Model MLI blanket as a thin plate

Multi Layer Insulation (MLI) Design Overview

Heat leaking through