Anatomy of Skeletal System by Dr. Farrukh

Anatomy of skeletal
system
Dr. M Farrukh Shahzad
BSPT, PPDPT
Isra University,
Islamabad Campus
IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General
Anatomy)
Topics of Discussion
SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL SKELETON
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES
COMPOSITION OF BONES
FUNCTIONS OF BONES
STRUCTURE OF BONE
COMPACT BONE
CANCELLOUS OR SPONGY BONE
BONE MARROW
PERIOSTEUM
ENDOSTEUM
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
IRREGULAR BONES
PNEUMATIC BONES
SESAMOID BONES
WORMIAN OR SUTURAL BONES
BONE MARKINGS
OSSIFICATION
BLOOD SUPPLY OF BONE
VENOUS AND LYMPHATIC SUPPLY
NERVE SUPPLY
CARTILAGE
CLASSIFICATION
DEVELOPMENTAL CLASSIFICATION
HISTOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO REGION
ACCORDING TO SHAPE & SIZE (LONG,
SHORT, FLAT, IRREGULAR)

Anatomy)
SKELETAL SYSTEM
The
skeleton consists of bone and

cartilage. Younger persons have
more cartilage in their skeleton, and,
as a result, the bones of newborn
babies are soft and flexible.
The skeletons consist of two parts.
1. Axial skeleton
2. Appendicular skeleton
Anatomy)
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
It consists of
It consists of.
Bones of upper limb
Pectoral girdle
Humerus
Radius Ulna
Hand bones
Bones of lower limb
Pelvic girdle
Femur
Tibia Fibula
Bones of foot
Bones of the head Skull

Bones of the neck
Hyoid bone
Cervical vertebrae
Bone of the trunk
Ribs
Sternum
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebra
Sacrum

Anatomy)
BONES
Bone is specialized connective tissue. It is very hard and

highly vascular connective tissue. They have an organic
framework of fibrous tissues and cells, among which
inorganic salts phosphates of calcium are deposited. The
fibrous tissues give the bones resilience and toughness.
The salts give them hardness and rigidity.
Bone appears as a dry, hard, dead object. Such an
appearance is misleading. Bone is a living thing. It can
grow, it can repair itself and it can change its shape in
proportion to the activity and stresses placed on it.
The bones of the body taken together are known as the
skeleton. This term comes from a Greek language word
skeletos meaning dried and this is the condition in
which the student studies the bone.
Anatomy)
Composition of bones
Bones consist of an organic framework of

fibrous tissues and cells. These lie in inorganic
salts (mainly phosphate of calcium), which
have been deposited, in a particular fashion.
The fibrous tissue gives the bone resilience
and toughness,
whereas the salts make it hard and rigid.
The presence of salts makes the bone radio
opaque (i.e. when x-rays pass through the
body, the bony tissue offers resistance. This
allows the bone to be seen white in a
developed x-ray film).
Anatomy)
Continue..
If a bone is immersed in a dilute mineral

acid, the inorganic material (salts) is
removed. This makes the bone flexible
without any change in its shape. A fibula
(the thin long bone) can be tied into a knot
easily. On undoing the knot, the bone
springs back to its original shape.
If burning destroys the fibrous tissue, the
bone retains its shape, but becomes brittle
and inelastic. It can crumble easily.
Anatomy)
Functions of bones
Bones have ten main functions:
Protection
Bones can serve to protect internal organs, such as the
skull protecting the brain or the ribs protecting the
heart and lungs.
Shape
Bones provide a frame to keep the body supported.
Blood production
The marrow, located within the medullary cavity of
long bones and the cancellous bone, produces blood
cells.
Mineral storage
Bones act as reserves of minerals important for the
body, most notably calcium and phosphorus.

Anatomy)
Continue..
Movement
Bones, skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints
function together so that individual body parts or the
whole body can be manipulated in three-dimensional
space.
Acid-base balance
Bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by
absorbing or releasing alkaline salts.
Detoxification
Bone tissues can also store heavy metals and other
foreign elements, removing them from the blood and
reducing their effects on other tissues. These can later be
gradually released for excretion.
Sound transduction
Bones are important in the mechanical aspect of hearing.

Anatomy)
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Bones
of face exhibit sinuses (air filled

spaces responsible to lighten the bones
and to add resonance to the voice)
Bones
can provide information about

age, sex, height, health, diet and race
of a person. The bones of Egyptian
mummies have remained thoroughly
dry and have been studied by various
techniques.
Anatomy)
11
STRUCTURE OF BONE
On naked eye examination of a section of dried

bone, two types of bone can be distinguished.
1. Compact
2. Cancellous or spongy
The difference between the two types depends on

the relative amount of solid matter and on the
number of spaces they contain.
All bones have a superficial thin layer of compact
bone around a central mass of spongy bone,
except in places when medullary (bone marrow)
cavity replaces spongy bone.

Anatomy)
12
Compact bone
It forms the outer shell of bone. It is thicker at the
shaft of a long bone and thinner at the ends of a
long bone. The compact bone of the body or shaft
is known as cortical bone and surrounds the
medullary cavity. Compact bone provides strength
for weight bearing.
Compact bone is surrounded by periosteum and
lined by endosteum. It has a lot of connective
tissue fibers [collagen fibers], are arranged in
layers. They form connective tissue sheets called
lamellae. Between adjacent lamellae osteocytes
[bone cells] are embedded.
Anatomy)
13
Most of these lamellae are arranged as concentric

cylinders around central canals. These canals contain
blood vessels and are also called Haversian canals.
This arrangement is known as Haversian system or
osteon. Each osteon is surrounded by a cementing
line. These systems lie parallel to each other and in
the long axis of bone.
The osteons communicate with medullary cavity and
with each other by canals, which run transversely.
Such canals containing anastomosing vessels and are
called anastomosing canals. The anastomosing canals
communicating the central canals with medullary
cavity or outside are called Volkmanns canals.
Anatomy)
14
Cancellous or spongy
bone
It is a sponge network of bony trabeculae. It

is always in the interior of bones. In long
bones it is present at the ends. The spaces
between trabeculae are filled with blood
vessels and bone marrow. The bony spicules
or trabeculae are arranged in a pattern best
suited. This arrangements change with any
alterations in the strain exerted on the
cancellous bone. Spongy bone is always
surrounded by a thin shell of compact bone.
Anatomy)
15
Bone marrow
it fills the medullary cavities of long bones and the spaces in

cancellous bone. It is of two types.
1. Red bone marrow
2. Yellow bone marrow
At birth all of the marrow is of the red type and is a factory for
making blood cells and blood platelets. This activity is known as
heamopoiesis.With the passage of time, the amount of red marrow
decreases and is replaced by yellow marrow which has no power of
haemopoiesis. This change begins in the distal parts of limbs and
gradually involves proximal parts.
By young adult life, the limb bones contain red marrow only at their
cancellous ends. The bones that contain red marrow throughout life
are
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebrae
Skull bones
Hip bone
Anatomy)
16
Periosteum
The outer surfaces of bone are covered with a

thick fibrous layer of connective tissue containing
blood vessels. This is known as periosteum. It is
responsible for nutrition of the underlying bone.
Periosteum is osteogenic. It gives rise to new
bone. In a growing person, new bone is laid down
under periosteum. After a person attains maturity
and the growth has ceased. It still retains the
power to produce new bone in the repair of
fractures.
Periosteum is absent at the articulating (joint)
surface of bones.

Anatomy)
17
Endosteum
It
is single layered epithelium Lining

the internal surface (marrow /
medullary cavity, vascular canals) of
bone. It is also osteogenic and takes
part in formation of new bone.

Anatomy)
18
CLASSIFICATION OF
BONES
Bones are classified in different ways.

1.Developmental classification.
(According to mode of development)
I. MEMBRANOUS BONES.
These bones develop through Intra membranous
ossification. Intra membranous ossification is a
process of conversion of embryonic mesenchyme
directly into bone. The process is seen in the
embryo. It is a rapid process.
Membranous bones include
a. Bones of the vault of the skull
b. Bones of the face
c. Clavicle

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Continue
II. CARTILAGINOUS BONES.

These develop by the process of intracartilaginous
ossification. Here a cartilage model of future bone
is formed first which changes into bone. It is a slow
process beginning in the intrauterine life ending
during adulthood. All long bones of the body
(except clavicle) vertebrae & short bones develop
by this process.
III. MEMBRANO-CARTILAGINOUS BONES.

These develop through both of the above processes.
These include bones at the junction of vault and
base of skull. For example occipital bone.

Anatomy)
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2. HISTOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION.
(According to structure / architecture)
COMPACT BONE.
It forms the outer shell of the shaft of long bones & vertebrae.
i.
II. CANCELLOUS BONE OR SPONGY BONE.

It is seen internal to compact bones and at the ends of long bones.
3. According to region
i. Axial bones (belonging to axial skeleton)
a. Bones of the skull

b. Auditory ossicles
c. Vertebrae
d. Sternum
e. Ribs
ii. Appendicular bones (belonging to appendicular skeleton)

a. Bones of the limbs
b. Bones of the shoulder & pelvis girdle
Anatomy)
21
continue,..
4. According to shape & size
(Long, short, flat, irregular)
Long bone
Short bone
Long bones
These are usually tubular in shape and
found in the limbs. They are vertically
placed in human body. Their length is
greater than the breadth. They act as
levers for muscles. Their length varies
from bones of fingers (phalanges) to
thigh
bones.
DPT 1st
Semester (General
The anterior aspect ofIIRS
right
humerus
is
Anatomy)
shown. Humerus is a long bone. It is
22
Continue
Each long bone has a shaft or body (also called

diaphysis) and two ends. The shaft or
diaphysis is hollow containing the medullary or
marrow cavity filled with bone marrow. This
part is responsible for the strength of a bone.
The shaft typically has 3 borders, which
separates 3 surfaces. It appears triangular in
cross section.
Long bones have many raised areas (e.g.
ridges, crests, tubercles), which provide
support where heavy muscles are attached.
Anatomy)
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Continue
Ends of long bone are composed of cancellous bone

with a thin layer of compact bone. The ends are
enlarged and smooth and are either convex or
concave. In a growing bone the ends are known as
epiphyses.
The epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis by
cartilage (epiphyseal cartilage).
The portion of the diaphysis close to the epiphyseal
cartilage is known as metaphysis. When growth is
complete, the epiphyseal cartilage disappears and
epiphysis unites with the diaphysis (shaft).
Every long bone does not have the above
specifications. The clavicle and ribs do not have a
medullary cavity, but fulfill the other criteria of long
bones.
Anatomy)
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Superior aspect of right clavicle is shown.

Clavicle is a long bone. It is horizontally
placed in the human body. It does not
have medullary cavity.
Anatomy)
25
Short bones
These bones are not long. They are short.
They are irregular. They resemble cubes.
These are found only in the wrist (carpus)
and ankle (tarsus). They have 6 surfaces (like
a cube) out of which 4 or less are articular
(i.e. take part in the formation of joints) the
remaining 2 or more are free for attachments
of ligaments and entry of blood vessels.
They do not have medullary cavity. They
have spongy bone inside with compact bone
forming outer shell.

Right Hamate
Anatomy)
Right Hamate bone. Lateral

aspect.
bone. medial aspect

26
Continue..
FLAT BONES
These resemble sandwiches. They have thin outer layers of
compact bone separated by a layer of spongy (cancellous)
bone between them. Most of skull bones, sternum, scapula
and parts of many other bones belong to this group.
In flat bones of the skull particularly calvaria (bone forming
the roof of skull), spongy bone containing marrow is known
as diploe, which appears some years after birth and splits
each flat bone into two layers. The outer and inner layers of
compact bone are called tables in the flat skull bones while
diploe is in the center. The diploe of spongy bone is
sandwiched between outer and inner tables of compact
bone.
Other flat bones (sternum, scapula, ilium of hipbone) are
also like flat skull bones. They also have two layers of
compact bone and spongy layer is sandwiched between
them.
Anatomy)
27
Calvaria of the skull

seen from inside
showing flat bones
Posterior surface of
sternum. Sternum
is a flat bone.
Sternum and ribs

are flat bones.
Anatomy)
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Anterior aspect
of right scapula
shown. Scapula
is a flat and
irregular bone.

Anatomy)
29
Irregular bones
These are irregular shaped
bones. Most of the facial
bones (maxilla and zygomatic
bone) are irregular shaped.
Other examples are vertebrae,
scapulae and hipbones. All of
them consist of cancellous
bone covered with compact
bone of variable thickness.
Vertebrae are irregular bones
but they are symmetrical
bones. We can classify
irregular bones into two
subcategories.
1. Symmetrical bones Vertebrae
are good example
2. Asymmetrical bones Scapula,
hipbone, maxilla

Anatomy)
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Pneumatic bones
These bones are found

in the skull. The
spongy part of the
bone is replaced by airfilled cavities, which
communicate with the
nose. These airfilled
cavities are known as
paranasal sinuses.
These are found in the
frontal, maxillary and
sphenoid bones.

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Sesamoid
bones
These are so named because they
resemble sesame seeds.
They are usually present where
tendons glide over bones.
The largest sesamoid bone in human
body is patella (knee-cap). It is found
in the tendon of Quadriceps femoris.
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Continue..
They appear to alter the line of pull of a tendon
(patella in Quadriceps femoris) or help to prevent
friction (as in peroneus longus tendon moving
over cuboid bone).
Other sesamoid bones are found in the tendons of
Adductor pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Flexor hallucis brevis
A sesamoid bone not associated with a tendon is
fabella, found in the lateral head of
gestrocnemius muscle.

Anatomy)
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Right Patella.
Anterior view.
Right Patella. Posterior view.

Anatomy)
34
Wormian or sutural
bones
Small bones are

found along the
sutures of the skull
where flat bones
come together.
These are called
wormian bones or
sutural bones.

Anatomy)
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BONE MARKINGS
Normally bone appears smooth in three main
areas.
1. Where it is covered by articular cartilage (i.e.
cartilage on the surface of bone taking part in
forming a synovial joint).
2. Where it is subcutaneous (covered only by skin).
3. Where it gives fleshy attachment to muscle.
The bone is rough where it gives attachments to
ligaments, aponeurosis and tendons.
The bone has grooves for blood vessels.
The bones have foramina where arteries, veins and
nerves pass through these foramina.

Anatomy)
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The various markings and features of bones are.

1.
Line:
It is a linear elevation on the surface of bone.
Example.
Superior nuchal line and inferior nuchal line on
the back of skull.
Superior and inferior temporal lines of skull.
Intertrochanteric line in femur.

Anatomy)
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Continue.
Lateral view of
skull showing
superior and
inferior temporal
lines.

Anatomy)
38
2. Condyle:
It is a rounded
articular area.
Example.
Condyles of mandible
Condyles of femur
3. Epicondyle:
It is a raised area
above the condyle.
Example.
Epicondyles of
humerus.
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4. Crest:
It is the ridge of a bone.
Example.
Iliac crest and
Pubic crest in hip
bone.
Intertrochanteric
crest in femur.
Medial crest in fibula.
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5. Groove:
It is an elongated depression in the bone.
Example.
Infraorbital groove in the orbital cavity.

Anatomy)
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6. Facet:
It is a flat area, usually
covered with cartilage,
where bones join each
other.
Example.
Costal facets on
vertebral bodies and
transverse processes Superior aspect of first cervical
to articulate with ribs. vertebra (atlas). Look at the
superior
IIRS DPT 1st Semester
(General
articular
facets. They articulate
Anatomy)
42
with overlying skull.
Continue..
7. Fossa:
It is a depressed area in the
bone.
Example.
Anterior cranial fossa,
middle cranial fossa and
posterior cranial fossa in skull.
Temporal fossa of skull.
Incisive fossa in palate.
Supraspinous fossa of the
scapula.
Iliac fossa in hip bone.
Interior of base of skull.

Three main fossae
(anterior, middle and
Anatomy)
posterior) are labeled43.
Continue..
Inferior aspect of palate.
Lateral view of skull showing tempor

44

Anatomy)
Continue
8. Foramen:
It is a hole in the
bone.
Example.
Foramen magnum in
occipital bone for
medulla oblongata.
Interior of base of skull. Five

foramina
are shown.
Anatomy)
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9. Malleolus:
It is a rounded process projecting from the end of a bone.
Example.
Medial malleolus of tibia.
Lateral malleolus of fibula.
10. Notch:
It is an indentation at the edge of a bone.
Example.
Greater sciatic notch,
lesser sciatic notch and
acetabular notch in hip bone.
Trochlear notch and radial notch in ulna.
11. Protuberance:
It is a projection of bone.
Example.
External occipital protuberance and internal occipital protuberance in skull.

Anatomy)
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Lateral view of
skull. External
occipital
protuberance have
been marked and
labeled.
Interior of base of
skull. Look at the
internal occipital
protuberance.
Anatomy)
47
Continue..
12. Spine:
It is a thorn like
process from the
bone.
Example.
Spine of scapula.
Dorsal aspect of right
scapula is shown. Look at
the spine of scapula and
coracoid process.
Anatomy)
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13. Process:
It is a spine like part
projecting from the bone.
Example Anterior clinoi
process and posterior
clinoid process in skull.
Styloid process on the
base of skull. Coronoid
process of mandible.
Spinous process and
transverse processes of a
vertebra.
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Right lateral view of typical thoracic v

Lateral view of skull. The processes have been marked and labeled .

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14. Trochanter:
It is a large blunt raised area
of a bone.
Example.
Greater trochanter and
lesser trochanter of femur.
15. Tubercle:
It is a small raised area on the
surface of bone.
Example.
Anterior and posterior
tubercles of atlas.
Greater tubercle and lesser
tubercle of humerus.
Superior
aspect of first
cervical vertebra (atlas).
Look at the anterior and
Anatomy)
posterior tubercles.
51
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16. Tuberosity:
It is large rounded elevation of a bone.
Example.
Greater tuberosity and lesser
tuberosity of humerus.
Gluteal tuberosity on femur.
Tibial tuberosity on tibia.
Anatomy)
52
OSSIFICATION
The formation of bone during the fetal stage
occurs by two processes:
Intramembranous ossification
Intramembranous ossification mainly occurs
during formation of the flat bones of the skull; the
bone is formed from mesenchyme tissue. The
steps in intramembranous ossification are:
Development of ossification center
Calcification
Formation of trabeculae
Development of periosteum

Anatomy)
53
Endochondrial ossification
Endochondral ossification, on the other hand,
occurs in long bones, such as limbs; the bone is
formed from cartilage. The steps in endochondral
ossification are:
Development of cartilage model
Growth of cartilage model
Development of the primary ossification center
Development of medullary cavity
Development of the secondary ossification center
Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal
plate
Anatomy)
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Anatomy)
55
BLOOD SUPPLY OF BONE

Blood supply of long bones:
The blood vessels supplying long bones come
from 3 sources.
a. Nutrient artery,
which enters the shaft through the nutrient
foramen
b. Periosteal arteries
c. Branches of blood vessels supplying the
joints.
These form an anatomosis called juxta-articular
anastomosis from which small twigs supply
the epiphysis and the metaphyseal region.
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Nutrient artery:
Usually one (or two) artery enters the shaft
obliquely through an opening called nutrient
foramen, which leads into a nutrient canal.
In upper limbs, the direction is towards
elbow joint, whereas in lower limbs, it is
away from the knee joint.
So remember this formula to the elbow I
go, from the knee I flee.
Anatomy)
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Continue
Small branches from the periosteal arteries of the

periosteum supply most of the compact bone.
Consequently, if the periosteum is removed, the
bone will die.
Metaphyseal and epiphysial arteries supply the ends
of the bones. These vessels arise mainly from the
arteries that supply the joints. The metaphyseal
arteries come from muscular arteries whereas
epiphyseal arteries come from blood vessels around
the joints.
These blood vessels enter the bone through many
foramina. The epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries
supply more blood then the nutrient artery. They
can supply the bone if the nutrient artery is blocked.
Anatomy)
58
In the children, there are no anastomoses between

epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries due to the
presence of epiphyseal plate between the epiphysis
and metaphysis.
If the nutrient artery gets blocked due to any reason,
the metaphyseal bone dies. This is called necrosis.
The dead bone gets infected easily and this
condition is called osteomyelitis. This is why the
commonest site of osteomyelitis in children is the
metaphysis.
Once the epiphyseal plate disappears with
completion of bone growth, and the epiphysis joins
the metaphysis, blood vessels from the epiphysis
and metaphysis link up. Now there is no danger of
bone death if nutrient artery gets blocked.
Anatomy)
59
venous and lymphatic

supply
Veins
accompany arteries through

the nutrient foramina. Many large
veins leave through foramina near
the articular ends of the bones.
Lymphatic vessels are abundant in
the periosteum.

Anatomy)
60
Nerve supply
Nerves accompany the blood vessels

supplying bones. The periosteum is richly
supplied with sensory nerves periosteal
nerves that carry pain fibers. The periosteum
is especially sensitive to tearing or tension,
which explains the acute pain from bone
fractures. Bone itself is relatively poorly
supplied with sensory endings. Within bones,
vasomotor nerves cause constriction or
dilation of blood vessels, regulating blood flow
through the bone marrow.
Anatomy)
61
Cartilage
Cartilage is a resilient, semi rigid, avascular

form of connective tissue that forms parts of
the skeleton where more flexibility is
necessary (e.g., the costal cartilages that
attach the ribs to the sternum). The
articulating surfaces of bones participating
in a Synovial joint are capped with articular
cartilage, which provides smooth, lowfriction gliding surfaces for free movement
of the articulating bones.
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Continue
Cartilage
is avascular and is,

therefore, nourished by diffusion. The
proportion of bone and cartilage in
the skeleton changes as the body
grows; the younger a person is, the
greater the contribution of cartilage.
The bones of a newborn infant are
soft and flexible because they are
mostly composed of cartilage.
Anatomy)
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The
fibrous connective tissue covering

that surrounds bone is periosteum; that
surrounding cartilage elements, excluding
articular cartilage, is perichondrium.The
periosteum and perichondrium help
nourish the tissue, are capable of laying
down more cartilage or bone (particularly
during fracture healing), and provide an
interface for attachment of tendons and
ligaments.
Anatomy)
64
CLASSIFICATION
There are 3 types of cartilage; hyaline, elastic, and
fibrocartilage.
Hyaline Cartilage.
It is homogenous, bluish-white and translucent in appearance.
It forms temporary cartilage model, from which bones
develop.
After birth it is found in following places

Articular cartilage of synovial joints
Plates of cartilage between separately ossifying parts of a bone during
growth. It is called epiphyseal cartilage.
Xiphoid process of sternum
Costal cartilages or cartilage of ribs
Nasal septum
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
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Continue..
Fibrocartilage.
It is like white fibrous tissue, but contains small
islands of chondrocytes and ground substance
between collagen bundles.
It is found in
Intervertebral discs joining adjacent surfaces of vertebral
bodies
Articular discs in wrist joints, sternoclavicular joints and
temporomandibular joints.
As a labrum or rim deepening the sockets of shoulder or
hip joints
As semliunar cartilages (menisci) in knee joints
In the plate and disk which unites pubic bones at
symphysis pubis.
Anatomy)
66
Continue..
Elastic cartilage.
It has bundles of yellow elastic fibers.It
is found in
external ear
auditory tube
epiglottis
cuneiform cartilages of larynx.

Anatomy)
67
End
Thanks!
Anatomy)
68

Anatomy of Skeletal System by Dr. Farrukh

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Anatomy of skeletal

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

skeleton consists of bone and

Bones of the head Skull

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

Bone is specialized connective tissue. It is very hard and

Bones consist of an organic framework of

If a bone is immersed in a dilute mineral

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

of face exhibit sinuses (air filled

can provide information about

On naked eye examination of a section of dried

The difference between the two types depends on

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

Most of these lamellae are arranged as concentric

It is a sponge network of bony trabeculae. It

it fills the medullary cavities of long bones and the spaces in

The outer surfaces of bone are covered with a

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

is single layered epithelium Lining

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

Bones are classified in different ways.

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

II. CARTILAGINOUS BONES.

III. MEMBRANO-CARTILAGINOUS BONES.

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

II. CANCELLOUS BONE OR SPONGY BONE.

a. Bones of the skull

ii. Appendicular bones (belonging to appendicular skeleton)

Each long bone has a shaft or body (also called

Ends of long bone are composed of cancellous bone

Superior aspect of right clavicle is shown.

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

Right Hamate bone. Lateral

bone. medial aspect

Calvaria of the skull

Sternum and ribs

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

These bones are found

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

Right Patella. Posterior view.

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

Small bones are

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

The various markings and features of bones are.

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

Interior of base of skull.

Inferior aspect of palate.

Lateral view of skull showing tempor

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

Interior of base of skull. Five

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

Right lateral view of typical thoracic v

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

IIRS DPT 1st Semester (General

BLOOD SUPPLY OF BONE

Small branches from the periosteal arteries of the