Emission standards

Emission standardsare requirements that set specific

limits to the amount ofpollutantsthat can be released
intotheenvironment.Manyemissionsstandardsfocus
on
regulating
pollutants
released
byautomobiles(motor
cars)
and
other
poweredvehiclesbut they can also regulate emissions
fromindustry, power plants, small equipment such as
lawnmowersanddieselgenerators.
Vehicle emission performance standard:
Anemissionperformancestandardisalimitthatsets
thresholdsabovewhichadifferenttypeofemission
controltechnologymightbeneeded.

 In theUnited States, emissions standards are managed by

theEnvironmental Protection Agency(EPA). The state
ofCaliforniahas special dispensation to promulgate more
stringent vehicle emissions standards, and other states may
choosetofolloweitherthenationalorCaliforniastandards.
California's emissions standards are set by theCalifornia Air
Resources Board, known locally by its acronym "CARB".
GiventhatCalifornia'sautomotivemarketisoneofthelargest
in the world, CARB wields enormous influence over the
emissions requirements that major automakers must meet if
they wish to sell into that market. In addition, several other
U.S.statesalsochoosetofollowtheCARBstandards,sotheir
rulemakinghasbroaderimplicationswithintheU.S.

European Emission Standards

European emission standardsdefine the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions

ofnewvehiclessoldinEUmemberstates.
Currently, emissions ofnitrogen oxides(NOx),total hydrocarbon(THC),nonmethane
hydrocarbons(NMHC),carbon
monoxide(CO)
andparticulate
matter(PM) are regulated for mostvehicle types, including cars, lorries, trains,
tractorsandsimilarmachinery,butexcludingseagoingshipsandaeroplanes.
For each vehicle type, different standards apply. Compliance is determined by
runningthe engineatastandardisedtestcycle.Non-compliantvehicles cannotbe
soldintheEU,butnewstandardsdonotapplytovehiclesalreadyontheroads.No
use of specific technologies is mandated to meet the standards, though
available technology is considered when setting the standards. New models
introducedmustmeetcurrentorplannedstandards,

CO2 emission

Within theEuropean Union, road transport is responsible for about 20% of

allCO2emissions,withpassengercarscontributingabout12%.
ThetargetfixedatKyotoProtocolwasan8%reductionofemissionsinallsectors
oftheeconomycomparedto1990levelsby2008-2012.
RelativeCO2emissionsfromtransporthaverisenrapidlyinrecentyears,from21%
ofthetotalin1990to28%in2004,

Toxicemission:stagesandlegalframework
ThestagesaretypicallyreferredtoasEuro1,Euro2,Euro3,Euro4and
Euro 5 for Light Duty Vehicle standards. The corresponding series of
standards for Heavy Duty Vehicles use Roman, rather than Arabic
numerals (Euro I, Euro II, etc.) The following is a summary list of the
standards,whentheycomeintoforce,whattheyapplyto,andwhichEU
directivesprovidethedefinitionofthestandard.
Euro1(1993):
Forpassengercars-91/441/EEC.
Alsoforpassengercarsandlighttrucks-93/59/EEC.

Euro2(1996)forpassengercars-94/12/EC(&96/69/EC)
Formotorcycle-2002/51/EC(rowA)-2006/120/EC

Euro3(2000)foranyvehicle-98/69/EC
Formotorcycle-2002/51/EC(rowB)-2006/120/EC

Euro4(2005)foranyvehicle-98/69/EC(&2002/80/EC)
Euro 5 (2008/9) and Euro 6 (2014) for light passenger and commercial
vehicles-715/2007/EC

Emission standards for passenger cars

Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce
different emission limits for diesel and petrol
vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO
standardsbutareallowedhigherNOxemissions.
Petrol-powered vehicles are exempted from
particulate matter (PM) standards through to the
Euro 4 stage, but vehicles withdirect
injectionengines will be subject to a limit of
0.005g/kmforEuro5andEuro6.

Bharat Stage Emission Standards

Bharat stage emission standards are emission
standards instituted by theGovernment of
Indiatoregulatetheoutputofairpollutantsfrom
internalcombustionengineequipment,including
motor vehicles. The standards and the timeline
for implementation are set by the Central
Pollution Control Board under the Ministry of
Environment&Forests.

History

ThefirstemissionnormswereintroducedinIndiain1991forpetroland1992
for diesel vehicles. These were followed by making theCatalytic converter
mandatory for petrol vehicles and the introduction of unleaded petrol in the
market.
OnApril 29, 1999 theSupreme Court of Indiaruled that all vehicles in India
havetomeetEuroIorIndia2000normsbyJune1,1999andEuroIIwillbe
mandatory in theNCR byApril 2000. Car makers werenot prepared for this
transition and in a subsequent judgment the implementation date for Euro II
wasnotenforced...
In 2002, the Indian government accepted the report submitted by
theMashelkarcommittee.Thecommitteeproposedaroadmapfortherollout
ofEuro based emission normsfor India. It also recommended a phased
implementation of future norms with the regulations being implemented in
majorcitiesfirstandextendedtotherestofthecountryafterafewyears.
Basedontherecommendationsofthecommittee,theNationalAutoFuelpolicy
was announced officially in 2003. The roadmap for implementation of the
BharatStagenormswerelaidouttill2010.Thepolicyalsocreatedguidelines
for auto fuels, reduction of pollution from older vehicles and R&D for air
qualitydatacreationandhealthadministration

 Thestandards,basedonEuropeanregulationswerefirstintroduced
in 2000. Progressively stringent norms have been rolled out since
then.Allnewvehiclesmanufacturedaftertheimplementationofthe
norms have to be compliant with the regulations.Since October
2010,BharatstageIIInormshavebeenenforcedacrossthecountry.
In13majorcities,BharatstageIVemissionnormsareinplacesince
April2010.
Thephasingoutof2strokeenginefortwowheelers,thestoppageof
productionofMaruti800&introductionofelectroniccontrolshave
beenduetotheregulationsrelatedtovehicularemissions.
Whilethenormshelpinbringingdownpollutionlevels,itinvariably
results in increased vehicle cost due to the improved technology &
higherfuelprices.However,thisincreaseinprivatecostisoffsetby
savings in health costs for the public, as there is lesser amount of
diseasecausingparticulatematterandpollutionintheair.

For2-and3-wheelers,BharatStageII(Euro2)wasmadeapplicablefromApril1,
2005andStageIII(Euro3)standardscameinforcefromApril1,2010

Emissions/Safety Regulations Progression in India

1992
Emission

1996
EURO
1

2000

EURO2

Major cities

2010

2005

EURO3

EURO4

2014

EURO5

2017

2020

2022

2024

EURO6

BS1

Nationwide

BS2

BS1

BS3

BS2

BS4

2013
BS4 OBDII

BS3

BS5

BS4 OBDII

Fuel Consumption
FE Regulation 1

Nationwide for
M1 Vehicles

FE Regulation 2

Safety
Full Frontal

Offset Crash
Side Impact

2026

Overview of the Emission Norms in

India
1991-IdleCOLimitsforGasolineVehiclesandFreeAccelerationSmokefor
DieselVehicles,MassEmissionNormsforGasolineVehicles.
1992-MassEmissionNormsforDieselVehicles.
1996-RevisionofMassEmissionNormsforGasolineandDieselVehicles,
mandatoryfitmentofCatalyticConverterforCarsinMetrosonUnleaded
Gasoline.
1998-ColdStartNormsIntroduced.
2000-India2000(EquivalenttoEuroI)Norms,ModifiedIDC(Indian
DrivingCycle),BharatStageIINormsforDelhi.
2001-BharatStageII(EquivalenttoEuroII)NormsforAllMetros,Emission
NormsforCNG&LPGVehicles.
2003-BharatStageII(EquivalenttoEuroII)Normsfor13majorcities.
2005-From1AprilBharatStageIII(EquivalenttoEuroIII)Normsfor13
majorcities.
2010-BharatStageIIIEmissionNormsfor4-wheelersforentirecountry
whereasBharatStage-IV(EquivalenttoEuroIV)for13majorcities.

CO2 Emission
Indiasautosectoraccountsforabout18percent
ofthetotalCO2emissionsinthecountry.Relative
CO2emissions from transport have risen rapidly
in recent years, but like the EU, currently there
are no standards for CO2emission limits for
pollutionfromvehicles.

EmissionTestCycles
The Emission test cycle is performed on a chassis
dynamometer. The cycle is used for EU type approval
testing of emissions and fuel consumption from light
dutyandheavydutyvehicles.
Effective year 2000, that idling period has been
eliminated, i.e., engine starts at 0 s and the emission
samplingbeginsatthesametime.ThismodifiedcoldstartprocedureisalsoreferredtoastheNew European
Driving CycleorNEDC.
Emissions are sampled during the cycle according the
the Constant Volume Sampling technique, analyzed,
andexpresseding/kmforeachofthepollutants.