URBAN AND GROUNDWATER

HYDROLOGY, RAINFALL-RUNOFF
RELATIONSHIPS
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION BY:
CASANAS, Dennichelle G.
GATTOC, Jessa S.

7/17/16

Life depends on water. Our entire

living worldplants, animals, and
humansis unthinkable without
abundant water. Human cultures and
societies have rallied around water
resources for tens of thousands of years
for drinking, for food production, for
transportation, and for recreation
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URBAN HYDROLOGY

Urban - characteristic of a city or town

Hydrology branch of geology that studies the distribution, uses and

conservation of water on Earth and in the atmosphere

Urban hydrology is a science investigating the hydrological cycle and its change,
water regime and quality within the urbanized landscape and zones of its impact.

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Urban Hydrology
Urban Hydrology is a scientific and technical discipline
devoted to the study of relationships between
urbanization and the natural water cycle. It leads:
- to scientific studies related to the effects of
urbanization on weather and storms, on atmospheric
exchanges, on environmetal and sanitary impacts, etc
- to technical studies in order to control urban runoff
drainage, flooding risk, impacts on receiving waters
bodies, etc
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How is URBAN Hydrology

different than natural hydrology?

Development on the land changes how water naturally travels through the
watershed. With a natural ground cover about 50% of rainfall infiltrates into the
ground, 40% evaporates or is transpired through plants (these together are
called evapotranspiration), and only about 10% actually runs off the surface. As
we develop the land, we add structures onto the surface, such as roads, houses,
parking lots, sidewalks, and driveways. All of these are impervious surfaces:
water cannot pass through them as it can through soil, and so instead of the
water infiltrating, it is forced to either evaporate or run off.

The results of increased runoff and reduced groundwater are two-fold. First, the
large amount of extra runoff causes the streams to have much higher flows than
natural, and the flow rate increases much more rapidly and drops off more
rapidly after the storm. Second, due to the reduced infiltration volumes, there is
less water available to be released slowly into the stream over time, resulting in
lower water levels between rainfall events. In effect, much of the water that
under natural conditions infiltrated into the ground and slowly made its way into
nearby creeks now enters the stream all at once.

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GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

*Worldwide, more than a third of all water used by humans comes from
ground water. In rural areas the percentage is even higher: more than half
of all drinking water worldwide is supplied from ground water.
Ground water

Water located beneath the earths surface in soil pore spaces and in the
fractures of rock formations.

The depth at which soil pore spaces of fractures and voids in rock
become completely saturated with water is called the water table.

Ground water hydrology

-the study of the characteristics, movement, and occurrence of water found
below the surface.

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Sub Surface Water

Water in a soil mantle is called as sub surface water.
Water beneath the surface can essentially be divided into
two zones:
* the unsaturated zone (also known as the
zone of aeration)
*the zone of saturation which includes ground water.

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Sometimes, especially during times of high rainfall,

these pore spaces are filled with water
The water table divides
the zone of aeration from
the zone of saturation.
In the saturation zone,
all the pores of soil are
filled with water.
In the aeration zone,
soil pores are partially saturated with water.

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The aeration zone has 3 sub-zones

i.) Soil water zone
ii.) Intermediate zone
iii.) Capillary fringe
SOIL WATER ZONE
-soil water is held in the pore spaces between particles
of soil.
-soil water is the water that is immediately available to
plants.
-this water can be removed by air drying or by plant
absorption, but cannot be removed by gravity.
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-plants extract this water through their roots until the

soil capillary force (force holding water to the particle)
is equal to the extractive force of the plant root.
-at this point the plant cannot pull water from the plantrooting zone and it wilts (called the wilting point)
-the amount of water held in the soil after excess water
has drained is called the field capacity of the soil.

*wilt-to bend over because of not having enough water

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INTERMEDIATE ZONE
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-this is the layer that is available next to the soil water

zone.
-it lies in between the soil water zone and the capillary
zone.

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CAPILLARY ZONE
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-the capillary fringe is the subsurface layer in which

groundwater seeps up from a water table by capillary
action to fill pores.
-pores at the base of the capillary fringe are filled with
water due to tension saturation
-this saturated portion of the capillary fringe is less than
total capillary rise because of the presence of a mix in
pore size.
-if pore size is small and relatively uniform, it is possible
that soils can be completely saturated with water for
several feet above the water table.
-alternately, the saturated portion will extend only a few
inches above the water table when pore size is large
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Saturated zone is classified into 4 categories:

-Aquifer
-Aquiclude
-Aquifuge
-Aquitard

AQUIFER

Is a layer of porous substrate that contains and transmits groundwater

Is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or

unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater
can be extracted using a water well

Aquifers may occur at various depths

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TYPES OF AQUIFER
*UNCONFINED AQUIFER:

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Unconfined aquifers are sometimes also called water table or phreatic

aquifers, because their upper boundary is the water table

When water can flow directly between the surface and the saturated
zone of an aquifer, the aquifer is unconfined.

The deeper parts of unconfined aquifers are usually more saturated

since gravity causes water to flow downward.

*CONFINED AQUIFER:

A water-bearing subsurface stratum that is

bounded above and below by formations of

impermeable, or relatively impermeable soil or rock.

Also know as an artesian aquifer.

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PROPERTIES OF THE AQUIFER

i)

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ii)

Porosity
Specific yield

iii) Specific retention

iv) Storage by efficiency ( field capacity)
v)

Permeability

vi) Transmissibility
POROSITY:
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the
void (i.e., "empty") spaces in a material, and
is a fraction of the volume of voids over the
total volume, between 01, or as a
Percentage between 0100%.
Porosity of surface soil typically decreases as particle size increases.

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SPECIFIC YIELD

17

The quantity of water which a unit volume of

aquifer, after being saturated, will yield by gravity;
it is expressed either as a ratio or as a percentage
of the volume of the aquifer; specific yield is a
measure of the water available to wells.
FIELD CAPACITY:
Field capacity is the amount of soil moisture
or water content held in soil after excess
water has drained away.
The physical definition of field capacity is
the bulk water content retained in soil
SPECIFIC RETENTION
The ration of the volume of water that a given body of rock or soil will hold against the
pull of gravity to the volume of the body itself. It is usually expressed as a percentage.
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PERMEABILITY:

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Just as the porosity of a soil affects how much water it can hold, it also affects
how quickly water can flow through the soil.
The ability of water to flow through a soil is referred to as the soils permeability.

TRANSMISSIBILITY:
A measure of the ratio of the response amplitude of the system in steady-state
forced vibration to the excitation amplitude; the ratio may be in forces,
displacements, velocities, or accelerations.
The transmissibility of an unconfined aquifer depends upon the depth of the GWT.

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AQUICLUDE
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It is a solid, impermeable area underlying or overlying an aquifer. If the impermeable

area overlies the aquifer pressure could cause it to become a confined aquifer.

A solid, impermeable area underlying or overlying an aquifer.

It can absorb water but cannot transmit it in significant amount.

AQUIFUGE

An impermeable body of rock which contains no interconnected openings or interstices

and therefore neither absorbs nor transmits water.

AQUITARD

A bed of low permeability adjacent to an aquifer; may serve as a storage unit for
groundwater, although it does not yield water readily

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DARCYS LAW

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Darcys law is a simple proportional relationship between the

instantaneous discharge rate though a porous medium, the viscosity of
the fluid and the pressure drop over a given distance

Darcys law is only valid for slow, viscous flow;

Q=Tiw

Where
i=hydraulic gradient
W=width of the aquifer
T=co.eff of transmissibility of the aquifer

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Typically any flow with a Reynolds number less than one is clearly
laminar, and it would be valid to apply Darcys
Re=(Vd)/

Where is the density of water(units of mass per volume)

V is the specific discharge
D30 is a representative grain diameter for the porous media
is the viscosity of the fluid

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DUPUITS ASSUMPTIONS
i) stabilized drawdown- i.e., the pumping has been continued for a
sufficiently long time at a constant rate, so that the equilibrium stage of
steady flow conditions have been reached.
ii) The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, of infinite areal extent and of
constant thickness i.e., constant permeability.
iii) complete penetration of the well (with complete screening of the
aquifer thickness) with 100% well efficiency.
iv) Flow lines are radial and horizontal and the flow is laminar i.e., Darcys
law is applicable.
v) The well is infinitely small with neglible storage and all the pumped
water comes from the aquifer.

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PUMPING TEST
The water level in the well is depressed to an amount equal to the safe
working head for the sub- soil.
The water level is kept constant by making the pumping rate equal to the
percolation into the well.
The quantity of water pumped in a known time gives an idea of the
probable yield of the well of the given diameter.
This test may be carried out in an existing open well.
Rate of seepage into the well = (volume of water pumped out volume of
stored in the well)/ time of pumping

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RAINFALL RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP

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Rainfall is the primary source of water for runoff generation

over the land surface
Types of runoff
1. surface runoff- it is that portion of a rainfall, which enters
the stream immediately after the rainfall
2. subsurface runoff-part of rainfall, which first leaches into
the soil and moves laterally without joining the water
table, to the streams, rivers, sea or wadis(the bed or
valley of a stream).
3. base flow-it is delayed flow, defined as that part of
rainfall, which after falling on the ground surface,
infiltrate into the soil and meets to the water table.
TOTAL RUNOFF=surface runoff + baseflow
(including subsurface runoff)

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Factors affecting runoff

-the runoff rate and its volume from an area, mainly influenced by the
following two factors
1.climatic factors
2.physiographic factors
climatic factors
-type of precipitation
-rainfall intensity
-form of precipitation
-duration of rainfall
-rainfall distribution
-direction of the prevailing wind

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Type of precipitation

a precipitation which occurs in form of rainfall, starts immediately in form

of surface flow over the land surface, while a precipitation which take place
in form of snow or hails, the flow of water on ground surface will not take
place immediately, but after melting of the same.

Rainfall intensity
if rainfall intensity greater than infiltration rate of the soil, the surface
runoff takes place very shortly, while in case of low intensity rainfall, there is
fund a reverse trend to the same. Thus, high intensities rainfall yield higher
runoff

Duration of rainfall
rainfall duration is directly related to the volume of runoff, due to the fact,
that infiltration rate of the soil goes on decreasing with the duration of
rainfall, till it attains a constant rate.

Rainfall distribution
Runoff from a watershed depends very much on the distribution of rainfall,
the rainfall distribution for this propose can be expressed by the term of
distribution coefficient, which my be defined as the ratio of max. rainfall at
appoint to the mean rainfall of the watershed. The greater value of the 7/17/16
distribution coeff., grater the peak runoff.

 direction of the prevailing wind

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if the direction of the prevailing wind is same, as the drainage system

then it has a great influence on the resulting peak flow and also on duration
of surface flow, to reach the outlet. A storm moving in the direction of
stream slope, produces a higher peak in shorter period of time, than the
storm moving in opposite direction
Physiographic factors:
the different characteristics of watershed and channel, which affect the
runoff, are listed below:
-size of watershed
-shape of watershed
-slope of watershed
-orientation of watershed
-land use
- soil moisture
-soil type
- topographic characteristic
- drainage density

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Method of runoff computation

- rational method
-SCS method
-cook's method

Runoff Hydrograph
-Hydrograph is a graphical or tabular representation of
instantaneous runoff/discharge rate against time.
- A hydrograph represents the total runoff (direct + base flow),
occurring at a given time. It also shows the time distribution of total
runoff at a certain point of measurements. All hydrographs have
three characteristics region viz. rising limb, crest segment or peak
point and falling limb.

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Components of Hydrograph

Rising limb
Crest segment
Falling limb

Factors affecting the shape of hydrograph:

-Climatic factor
of

*type of precipitation, intensity of rainfall, duration of rainfall, direction

rainfall, Others

-Physiographic factors
*Basin characteristics (shape, size, slope, nature of the valley,
elevation,
land use pattern, soil characteristics of the basin)
*Channel characteristics ( cross section of the channel, roughness of
the channel, storage capacity, drainage density)

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UNIT HYDROGRAPH
Computation of runoff using unit hydrograph:
If two identical rainfalls regarding their characteristics, take place
on a drainage basin having the same conditions prior to the rainfall,
the runoff hydrographs from the two storms would be expected to
be the same.
Sherman, 1932 investigate the unit hydrograph theory, which is
widely used for computing the flood or runoff volume for various
purposes. Unit hydrograph is defined as the direct runoff
hydrograph, produced by a rain of a unit duration, resulting the
effective rainfall depth as 1 cm which is uniformly distributed, over
the entire watershed area.

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Sources:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_ZFI2rW4aY

http://www.yemenwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Lecture-5.pdf

http://www.slideshare.net/Sandra4Smiley/ground-water-hydrology

http://www.ees.rochester.edu/ees217/EES217-06-Groundwater-%
20Lecture%202.pdf

http://groundwater.ucdavis.edu/files/156562.pdf

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