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can execute.
Bandwidth: The number of bits processed in a single instruction.
Clock speed: Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed
determines how many instructions per second the processor can
execute.
Function :
The main function of a Microprocessor is to
conduct arithmetic and logic operations.
History of Microprocessor
The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004,
Evolution of
Microprocessor
Microprocessors were categorized into five generations :
first, second, third, fourth, and fifth generations. Their
characteristics are described below:
First Generation:
The microprocessors that were introduced in 1971 to
Second Generation:
16
Third Generation:
The third generation, introduced in 1978, was represented
Fifth Generation:
Microprocessors in their fifth generation,
employed decoupled super scalar processing,
and their design soon surpassed 10 million
transistors. In this generation, PCs are a low
margin, high volume business dominated by a
single microprocessor.
Classification of Microprocessor:
The microprocessor is identified with the word size of data. For
E.g. The ALU can perform a 4bit data operation at a time these
microprocessor is called as 4 bit microprocessor.
4 - Bit Processors
INTEL 404 4040
8 - Bit Processors
8008, 8080, 8085, MOTOROLA 6800 (M6800)
16 - Bit Processors
8086, 8088, Zilog Z80,0 80186, 80286
32 - Bit Processors
Intel 80386, 80387, 80486 PENTIUM PENTIUM PRO
Advantages of
Microprocessor
Speed:
Disadvantages of
Microprocessor
Some of the disadvantages with the
Communication:
Microprocessors are being used in a wide range of
Consumer:
The use of microprocessor in toys, entertainment equipment and
(1)UAV
Motion
(2) CFD
Nvidia's GPUs are actively being adopted in
(3) Military
Xilinx
integrated
processors
and
embedded
processing solutions are used in missiles and
munitions, for target tracking
military
communications,
for
black
side
modem
operations and electronic warfare/intelligence,
surveillance, and reconnaissance (EW/ISR),
such as radar algorithm processing.
Demand for optimized SWaPC products is also
growing, along with the UAV market. "The need for
small, lightweight, fan less products will drive the
development of microprocessors over the next
several decades,"
(4) Helicopter
The Apache helicopter and airborne and
(5)Satellite application
The first generation, single board computer was a rad
(6)TCAS
(Navigation
TCAS has a self
test capability to perform
Initiated Built-in Test (IBIT) and Periodic BuiltSystem)
in Test (PBIT) to monitor the operational status
of itself and its interfacing equipment.
DME
TACCAN
RM7965 microprocessor
Dual
Issue
symmetric
superscalar
microprocessor
with
instruction
prefetch
optimized for system level price/performance
High
performance
interface
(RM70xx
compatible)(E9000 core)
Integrated primary and secondary caches all
are 4way set associative with 32 byte line size
Packaged in a 256TBGA plastic package
MIP7365, 64bit
Superscaler 450MHz MIPS
Microprocessor
Extended temperature characterized PMCSierra
RM7065 microprocessor
Dual Issue symmetric superscalar
microprocessor with instruction prefetch
optimized for system level price/performance
High performance interface (RM70xx
compatible)(E7000 core)
Integrated primary and secondary caches all
are 4way set associative with 32 byte line size
Packaged in a 216Epad plastic package
ACT7000ASC
64Bit
Superscaler Microprocessor
Full militarized PMCSierra RM7000A microprocessor
Dual Issue symmetric superscalar microprocessor
Future functionality
Anemone processor
OpenVPX module processor
Examples with
Explanation
Intel 8085
Intel 8086
Intel 8080
Pin description
Higher Order Address pins- A 15 A8
Lower Order Address/ Data Pins- AD 7-AD0
These are time multiplexed pins and are de-multiplexed using
Interrupt Pins TRAP, RST7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, INTR, INTA
These are hardware interrupts used to initiate an interrupt
Serial I/O pins SID (Serial Input Data), SOD (Serial Output
Data)
(active low),
Reset Out
Intel 8086
Memory Classification