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Physical and chemical

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Demand

Water

Laws and Regulations


Treatment

Physical and chemical


Sources

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Laws
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Water's Chemical Properties

The water's chemical description is H2O. As the diagram shows, there is one atom
of oxygen bound to two atoms of hydrogen. The hydrogen atoms are "attached" to one
side of the oxygen atom, resulting in a water molecule having a positive charge on the
side where the hydrogen atoms are and a negative charge on the other side, where the
oxygen atom is.

Physical and chemical


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Water's Chemical Properties


As the diagram shows, the side with the hydrogen
atoms (positive charge) attracts the oxygen side
(negative charge) of a different water molecule.
All these water molecules attracting each other
mean they tend to clump together. This is why
water drops are, in fact, drops!
Water is called the "universal solvent" because it
dissolves more substances than any other liquid.
Pure water has a neutral pH of 7, which is neither
acidic nor basic.

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Physical and chemical


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Laws
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Water's Chemical Properties

Hardness

Classification

mg/L or
ppm

grains/gal

Soft

0 - 17.1

0-1

Slightly hard

17.1 - 60

1 - 3.5

Moderately
hard

60 - 120

3.5 - 7.0

120 - 180

7.0 - 10.5

180 & over

10.5 &
over

Hard
Very Hard

1 grain hardness =
17.1 mg/L or ppm hardness

Physical and chemical


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Water's Chemical Properties

Alkalinity
Acidity

Laws
Treatment

Physical and chemical


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Laws
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Water's Physical Properties


Water is unique in that it is the only
natural substance that is found in all
three states -- liquid, solid (ice), and gas
(steam) -- at the temperatures normally
found on Earth. Earth's water is
constantly interacting, changing, and in
movement.
Water's freezing and boiling points are
the baseline with which temperature is
measured: 0oC is water's freezing point,
and 100oC is water's boiling point. Water
is unusual in that the solid form, ice, is
less dense than the liquid form, which is
why ice floats.

100oC

100oC

0 oC

0oC

Physical and chemical


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Water's Physical Properties

Taste and odor


Color
Turbidity

NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units

Physical and chemical


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Laws
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The basic source of water is rainfall, which collects in rivers and lakes, under the ground,
and in artificial reservoirs. Water from under the ground is called groundwater and is
tapped by means of wells . Most often water must be raised from a well by pumping. In
some cases a well will draw water from a permeable rock layer called an aquifer in which
the water is under pressure; such a well needs little or no pumping. Water that collects in
rivers, lakes, or reservoirs is called surface water. Most large water supply systems draw
surface water through special intake pipes or tunnels and transport it to the area of use
through canals, tunnels, or pipelines, which are known as mains.

Physical and chemical


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Surface Water
Sea Water
Ground Water

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Laws
Treatment

Physical and chemical


Sources

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Quantity of Water Available

Laws
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Physical and chemical


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100 gal (380 liters)

In the Philippines, the average residential daily water supply demand is 100 gal (380
liters) per person, although it can go as high as 500 gal (1900 liters) per person. The
stringency of the requirements that a supply of water must meet depends on the use
to be made of it.

Physical and chemical


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The demand for clean water and safe disposal of wastewater has emerged as
one of the highest priorities in the Philippines. Several factors drive this
demand, including massive population growth and the appearance of megacities, world economics in growth markets, technological advances in water and
wastewater treatment, and increased competition. More and more government
officials in these country are turning to the private sector for solutions.

Fresh Surface Waters (Rivers, Lakes, Resrvoirs, etc)

Physical and chemical


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Laws and Regulations


Treatment

DENR Administrative Order No. 34 (Series of 1990)


Revised Water Usage and Classification Water Quality Criteria
Classificatio
n
Class AA

Class A
Class B
Class C

Class D

Beneficial Use
Public Water Supply Class I. This class is intended primarily for
waters having watersheds which are inhabited and otherwise
protected and which require only approved disinfection in order to
meet the National Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW) of the .
Public Water Supply Class II. For sources of water supply that will
require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration
and disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW.
Recreation Water Class I. For primary contact recreation such as
bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc. (particularly those designed for
tourism purposes).
1) Fishery Water for propagation and growth of fish and other
aquatic resources
2) Recreational Water Class II (For boating, etc.)
3) Industrial Water Supply Class II (For Manufacturing processes
after treatment)
1) For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc.
2) Industrial Water Supply Class II (for cooling, etc)
3) Other inland waters, by their quality, belongs to this classification

Physical and chemical


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Laws and Regulations


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DENR Administrative Order No. 35 (Series of 1990)


Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990

Physical and chemical


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Laws and Regulations


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Republic Act No. 9275


Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Water Quality Management and For Other Purposes

The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 aims to protect


the countries water bodies from pollution from land
based sources. It provides for a comprehensive and
integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution to a
multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all
stakeholders.

Physical and chemical


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Quality standard
Treatment

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