Eigen Value and Eigen Vector Problem in free vibration

1D-Bar Element
Eigen Value Analysis or Modal Analysis

Eigen Value Analysis or Modal Analysis (Free Vibration)

In many engineering applications, the natural frequencies of vibration are
of interest. This is probably the most common type of dynamic analysis and is
referred to as an eigenvalue analysis. In addition to the frequencies, the mode
shapes of vibration which arise at the natural frequencies are also of interest. These
are the undamped free vibration response of the structure caused by an initial
disturbance from the static equilibrium position. This solution derives from the
general equation of motion by zeroing the damping and applied force terms.
Thereafter, it is assumed that each node is subjected to a sinusoidal functions of the
peak amplitude for that node.
*Displacement Function (vector)

U sin t

*The general equation of motion for multiple degrees of freedom is;

M U C U K U F
Mass
Matrix

Damping
Matrix

Stiffness
Matrix

For a 1D bar member in state of free vibration the damping and applied force
is considered to be zero, which would yield the Eigent Value Equation

M U K U 0
d2U
M 2 KU 0
dt
2
d
M 2 ( sin t ) K ( sin t ) 0
dt
2
M sin t K sin t 0

Where;
: Eigen Vector
: Circular Natural
Frequency
: Eigen Value

( K M ) 0
( K M ) 0
2

K M i 0

Where, i=1,2,3.
(mode shapes)

The total number of eigenvalues () or natural frequencies is equal to the total

number of degrees of freedom in the model. Each eigenvalue () or frequency has a
corresponding eigenvector () or mode shape. Since each of the eigenvectors ()
cannot be null vectors, the equation which must be solved to get the eigenvalues ()
is;

det K M 0
* Natural Frequency of bar member

f
* Siffness Matrix
1 1
K AE
L 1 1

1 K

2 2 2 M
* Mass Matrix

AL 1 0
M
2 0 1

Determine the Eigen Value and Eigen Vector for the step bar as shown in the fig.
A1=500mm2, A2=250mm2, E=200GPa,=7.8x10-6kg/mm3

A1

A2

1000mm

600mm

K1

K2

U1

U2

U3

*Step2: Element Stiffness Matrix

*Element 2:

*Element 1:
1 1

1 1

K1 A1E1
L1
1

1 1

1 1

K 2 A 2 E 2
L2

1 1

x105 N / mm

1 1

0.83 0.83

x105 N / mm

0.83 0.83

*Step3: Global Stiffness Matrix

1

1
0
1
K 1 1.83 0.83 x105 N / mm
0 0.83 0.83

*Step4: Element Mass Matrix

*Element 2:

*Element 1:

M1 1A1L1

1 0

0 1

M 2 2 A 2 L 2
2

1.95 0

Kg

0 1.95

1 0

0 1
3

0
0.585

Kg

0.585
0

*Step5: Global Mass Matrix

1

0
0
1.95
M 0 2.535 0 Kg
0
0
0.585

*Step6: Using the Eigen Value Equation

( K M ) i 0
A

1
1
0
0
0
1.95

x105 0

1
1
.
83

0
.
83
2
.
535
0

0 0.83 0.83
0
0
0.585

U1
x U 2 0
U 3

Applying the B.C; U1=0

1.83 0.83
0
2.535
5
x10

0
.
83
0
.
83
0
0
.
585

To evaluate the Eigen Values () consider;

det K M 0

U2
0
x

U3

1.483 3.17 x10 0.831x10 0

2

1 1.83x105 (rad / s) 2
2 0.307 x105 (rad / s) 2

10

Eigen Values

*Step7: Calculating the Eigen Vectors

CASE I: When =1.83x105 (rad/s)2

K 1 M 1 0
1.83 0.83
0
5
5 2.535
x10 1.83x10

0
.
83
0
.
83
0
0
.
585

U2
0
x

U3

 2.81x105 U 2 0.83x105 U 3 0

U 3 3.45U 2

i.e

Therefore;

U2

3
.
45
U
2

And; U 2
T

3.45U 2

Normalizing the problem to get a definite solution (eigen vector);

M 1
T

i.e; U 2

0
2.535
3.45U 2

0
0
.
585

3.45U 1
2

When =1.83x10 (rad/s)

5

U2

U 2 0.325mm
U 3 1.123mm

CASE II: When =0.307x105 (rad/s)2

1.83 0.83
0
5
5 2.535
x10 0.307 x10

0
.
83
0
.
83
0
0
.
585

1.05x105 U 2 0.83x105 U 3 0

U 3 1.26 U 2

i.e

U2

1
.
26
U
2

And; U 2
T

1.26 U 2

Normalizing the problem to get a definite solution (eigen vector);

M 1
T

U2
0
x

U3

i.e; U 2

0
2.535
1.26 U 2

0
0
.
585

When =0.307x105 (rad/s)2

U2
1.26 U 1
2

U 2 0.538mm
U 3 0.678mm

Natural Frequency of bar member

1
1.83x105
f1

68.08Hz
2
2
2
0.307 x105
f2

27.88Hz
2
2

Mode Shape
U
At f1=68.08Hz
0.325
3

-1.123

At f2=27.88Hz
U
0.678
0.538
1