Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Ionic Bond
Covalent Bond
Non polar
Polar
Metallic Bond
IONIC BOND
Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of
valence electron(s) between atoms and is a
type of chemical bond that generates two
oppositely charged ions. It is observed
because metals with few electrons in its
outer-most orbital. By losing those electrons,
these
metals
can
achieve
noble-gas
configuration and satisfy the octet rule.
Similarly, nonmetals that have close to 8
electrons in its valence shell tend to readily
accept electrons to achieve its noble gas
configuration.
IONIC BOND
In ionic bonding,electrons are transferred
from one atom to another resulting in the
formation of positive and negative ions.The
electrostatic attractions between the positive
and negative In ions hold the compound
together.The predicted overall energy of the
ionic bonding process, which includes the
ionization energy of the metal andelectron
affinity of the nonmetal, is usually positive,
indicating that the reaction is endothermic
and unfavorable.
IONIC BOND
Ionic bonding in sodium chloride
Sodium (2,8,1) has 1 electron more than a
stable noble gas structure (2,8). If it gave
away that electron it would become more
stable.
Chlorine (2,8,7) has 1 electron short of a
stable noble gas structure (2,8,8). If it could
gain an electron from somewhere it too would
become more stable.
The answer is obvious. If a sodium atom gives
an electron to a chlorine atom, both become
more stable.
IONIC BOND
Ionic bonding in sodium chloride
The nature of the bond
The sodium ions and chloride ions are held
together
by
the
strong
electrostatic
attractions between the positive and negative
charges.
The formula of sodium chloride
You need one sodium atom to provide the
extra electron for one chlorine atom, so they
combine together 1:1. The formula is
therefore NaCl.
IONIC BOND
Magnesium oxide
IONIC BOND
Calcium chloride
This time you need two chlorines to use
up the two outer electrons in the calcium.
The formula of calcium chloride is
therefore CaCl2.
IONIC BOND
Potassium oxide
Again, noble gas structures are formed. It
takes two potassium to supply the
electrons the oxygen needs. The formula
of potassium oxide is K2O.
COVALENT BOND
COVALENT BOND
1.Non-polar covalent bond:
This type of bond is formed between the two
atoms of the same element. Atoms of the same
element attract electrons equally. So, when a
covalent bond is formed between two atoms of
the same element; the electrons are shared
equally between the two atoms. In other words,
the shared electron-pair will lie exactly midway
between the two atoms. This type of covalent
bond is described as a non-polar covalent bond.
Non-polar covalent bonds are formed in the
molecules such as H2, O2 and Cl2etc.
METALLIC BOND
Metallic bonding is used to described metals
in their uncharged elemental states (not like
in ionic bond when they become ions). Each
metal atom is considered to be composed of
its outer electrons and a kernel (is made of
the nucleus and lower energy level electrons).
The kernels are arranged in such a way that
the outer orbital intermingles with one
another, resulting in a sea of outer electrons
that move around (delocalized electrons).
METALLIC BOND
This sea of outer electrons can flow from
one atom to the next along the network of
kernels. The metallic ions are held together
by virtue of their mutual attraction for
the negative electron cloud. Since they
are free to move, metals are good thermal
and electrical conductivity. This explain
other physical properties of metals such as
density, malleability, boiling point, and
melting point.
METALLIC BOND
NAMING
COMPOUNDS AND
WRITING FORMULAS
is magnesium
(name of first element) +
brom (root name of
second element) + ide
suffix = magnesium
bromide
2
Examples
NaCl
Sodium Chloride
CaO
Calcium Oxide
Al2S3
Aluminum Sulfide
MgI2
Magnesium Iodide
FeO
Iron(II)
Oxide
Cu2S
Copper (I) Therefore each copper must have a +1 charge for the
compound to be neutral
Sulfide
MnO2
Manganese (IV)
oxide
Cadmium Cd2+
Silver Ag+
Ag2O
Silver oxide
ZnCl2
Zinc chloride
ClCl-
MgCl2
Br Br Br FeBr3
Aluminum Sulfide
Al3+
Al3+
Al2S3
S2S2S2-
2-
Fe O 3
Simply cross the oxidation numbers
and make them positive
4
+
3
3-
Mn P 4
4
+
2
2-
Mn O 4
MnO2
Cross but in
this case they
must be
dropped!
NAMING COMPOUNDS
AND WRITING
FORMULAS II
5 = penta
7 = hepta
9 = nona
2 = di
6 = hexa
8 = octa
10 = deca
4 = tetra
Steps
1. The first nonmetal only gets a numeric prefix when there
is more than one. No prefix if there is only one.
2. The second element always gets a numeric prefix and
always has a suffix of -ide
CO2
Carbon dioxide
CO
Carbon monoxide
N2O4
Dinitrogen tetroxide
H2O
Dihydrogen monoxide
CCl4
Carbon tetrachloride
Silicon dioxide
SiO2
Diphosphorous pentachloride
Phosphorous and chloride are both nonmetals.
P2Cl5
Nitrogen monoxide
NO
CO32- carbonate
This ion is composed of one carbon
and three oxygens and the entire group
has a charge of -2.
Polyatomic ion Group of atoms that act as a unit and
carry a charge.
You have been given a list of other polyatomic ions
Na2CO3
Sodium
carbonate
Fe(OH)3
Iron (III)
hydroxide
Since there are
3 OH groups,
each with a -1
charge, the
charge of the
iron must be
+3 for the
compound to
be neutral
NH4Cl
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium
phosphate
Cu2SO4
Copper (I) sulfate
Name the second ion.
Aluminum nitrate
Al3+
NO3Al(NO3)3
C2H3O2-
Pb(C2H3O2)4
Calcium phosphate
Ca2+
Ca3(PO4)2
PO43-
4
+
3
3-
Mn (PO4)
4+
2-
Mn2 (CO3)
Mn(CO3)2