Summer training report

(1 July 2016-3 August 2016)

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INTRODUCTION
This is to certify that VIKASH
SINHA student of 2015-2019 from
mechanical branch in 1st year of
ICFAI UNIVERSITY. ICFAI has
successfully completed his
industrial traning at Barh thermal
power plant station NTPC Bihar for
4 weeks from 1 july to 3 august
2016
THANKS

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ACKNOWLEDMENT
I am very grateful and thankful to all those who were a part of this
project and helped me towards its smooth and efficient completion.
I feel especially thankful to all those with whom I understand and
whose thoughts and insights helped me in increasing my knowledge
and understanding of working of an organization. Their helpful
contribution and knowledge without which my project would not be
a reality. I conclude by thanking all the employees of NTPC BARH
(both executives & workers) who helped me in making our
training a boon for me.
Finally, I am thanking all the faculty members and Training and
Placement department of my college IFCAI University, Dehradun who
helped and guided me for the training.
VIKASH KUMAR SINHA
Btech 1st year,Mech Engineering
ICFAI University,Dehradun

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CONTENTS

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About The Company

NTPC Evolution
Thermal Power Plant
Main components of Power Plant
Capital Overhaul
Electricity Generation Process
Tables of Cycles
Controls and Instrumentation
Automation and Control System
Automation : The Benefits
Process Structure
Control System Structure
Control & Monitoring Mechanism
Flow Measurement
Furnace Safeguard Supervisory System
Conclusion

ABOUT THE COMPANY

CORPORATE VISION :
A world classintegrated power major,
poweringIndia's growth withincreasing
globalpresence.
CORE VALUES:
B - Business ethics
C - Costomer focus
O - Organisational professional
M- Mutal respect& trust
I - Inovation & speed
T - Total Quality for excellence

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NTPC Limited is the largest thermal power generating company

ofIndia,public sector company. It was incorporated in the year
1975 toaccelerate power development in the country as awholly
ownedcompany of the Government of India.At present,
Government of Indiaholds 89.5% of the total equity shares of the
company and the balance10.5% is held by FIIs, Domestic Banks,
Public and others. Within a spanof 31 years, NTPC has emerged as
a truly national power company,with power generating facilities in
all themajor regions of thecountry.

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NTPC LimiteD

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Type
Public
Founded
1975
Headquarters
Delhi,India
Key people
R S Sharma, Chairman & Managing
Director
Industry
Electricity generation
Products
Electricity
Revenue
INR416.37 billion (2008) or
USD18.15 billion
Netincome
INR70.47 billion (2008) orUSD1.89
billion
Employees
23867 (2006)
Website
http://www.ntpc.co.in

with
itschanging
busines
Market
Capitalisation
of
anintegrated
power
util
with itschanging
busines
NTPC
is the power
largest
anintegrated
utilp
EVOLUTION OF

NTPC

NTPC was set up in 1975 with 100%

ownersip with the government of
india in the last 30 years NTPC has
grown into large power utility of India.

installed
capacity.
NTPC is the
largest p
installed capacity.
In 1997 Government of india granted
NTPC status of Navratna being one
of jewels,enhancing the powers to the
board of Directors.

1975199720
1975199720
NTPC becomes a listed company with
majority government ownership of
89.5%
NTPC becomes third largest by
market captalisation of listed
company.

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THERMAL POWER
PLANT
A Thermal
station plant consits of all the
equipments and asubsystem required to produce
electricity by using asteam generating boiler fired
with fossilfuels or befoulsto drive anelectric
generator. Some prefer to use the term ENERGY
CENTER because such facilities convert form of
energy like nuclear energy, gravitational
potentialenergy or heat energy (derived from the
combustion of fuel) into electrical energy. Typical
diagram of a coal power thermal station1.Cooling water pump(CWP)
2.Three phase transmission line
3.Stepup transformer
4.Electrical generator
5.Low pressure steam
6.Boiler water feed pump(BWFP)
7.Surface condenser
8.Intermediate steam pressure turbine(IPT)
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9.
Steam control valve
10. High pressure steam
turbine(HPT)
11. Deaerator feed water
heater
12. Coal Conveyer
13. Coal hopper
14. Coal pulverizer
15. Boiler steam drum
16. Boiler ash hopper
17. Super heater
18. Forced draft fan(FD fan)
19. Reheater
20. Combustion air intake
21. Economiser
22. Air preheater
23. Preciptator
24. Induced draft fan(ID fan)
25. Fuel gas stack
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Cooling towers are evaporative coolers usedfor cooling water.

Collaboration of water toreject heat from processes such as
cooling the circulating water used in oilrefineries, chemical
plants, power plants, etc. Thetower vary in size from small
roof topunits to very large hyperboloid structures that
canbe up to 200 meters tall and100 meters in diameter, or
rectangular structure that can be over 40 meters tall and 80
meters long. Smaller towers are normally factory built while
larger ones are constructed on site. Theprimary use oflarge,
industrial cooling tower system is to remove the heat
absorbed in the circulating water system used in power
plants,petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical
plants,natural gasprocessing plants and otherindustrial
facilities.The absorbed heatis rejected to the atmosphere by
the evaporation ofsome of the coolingwater in mechanical
forced draft or induced draft towers or in natural draft
hyperbolic shaped cooling towers as seen at most nuclear
power plants.
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Three phase electric power is a common method of electric power

transmission it is a type of poly phase system mainly use for
power motors and many other devices. In three phase system
three circuits reach to their maximum values Taking one
conductor as reference, the other two conductor are delayed in
time by one-third and two-third of cycle ofthe electrical current.
This delay between phases has the effect of giving constant
power over each cycle of the current and also makes it impossible
toproduce a rotating magnetic field inan electric motor. At
thepower station, anelectric generator converts mechanical
power into a setof electric currents one from each
electromagnetic coil or windingof the generator. The currents are
sinusoidal functions oftime, all at the same frequency But offset
time togive different phases. In a three phase system, the phases
are spaced equally giving a phase separation of one-third ofone
cycle.
Generators output at avoltage that ranges from hundreds ofvolts
to 30,000 volts At the power station. Transformers step-up this
voltage for suitabletransmission. After numerous further
conversions in the transmission and distribution network, the
power is finally transformed to standard mains voltage i.e.
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thehousehold voltage. The power may already have been split

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an electrical generator is a device that coverts mechanical

energy
to
electrical
energy,
using
electromagnetic
inductionwhereas electrical energy is converted to
mechanical energy with the help With the help of electric
motors. The source of mechanical energy may be a
reciprocating turbinesteam engine. Turbines are made in
variety of sizes ranging from small1 hp(0.75 kW) used
asmechanical drives for pumps, compressors andother shaft
driven equipmentto 2,000,000 hp(1,500,000 kW) turbines
used to generate electricity.

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A Boiler Feed Pump is a specific type of pumpused to pumpwater into

steam boiler. Thewater may be freshly supplied or retuning
condensation ofsteam produced by theboiler. These pumpsare
normally high pressure units that usesuction from acondensate return
system and can be ofcentrifugal pump type or positive displacement
type. Construction and Operation feed water pumps range in size upto
many horsepower. And electric motor isusually separated from the
pump body bysome form of mechanical coupling. Large industrial
condensate pumps may also serve as the feed water pump. In either
case, to force water into theboiler, the pump must generate sufficient
pressure to overcome the steam pressure developed by the boiler. This
is usually accomplished through the use ofcentrifugal pump. Feed
water pumps usually run intermittently and are controlled by a float
switch or other similar level-sensing device energizing the pump when
it detect a lowered liquid level in the boiler substantially increased.
Some pumps contain a two stage switch. As liquid lowers to the trigger
point of the first stage, the pump is activated. If the liquid continues to
drop (perhaps because the pump has failed, its supply has been cut-off
or exhausted, or its discharge is blocked),the second stage will be
triggered. This stage may switch
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Control Valves are the valves usedwithin industrial plants and

elsewhere to control operating conditions suchas temperature,
pressure, flow conditions. The opening or closing ofcontrol
valves is done bymeans of electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic
systems andliquid level by fully or partially openingor closing
in response to signals received from controllers that compares
atpoint to aprocess variable whose value is provided by
sensors that monitor changes in such conditions the opening
and closing of valves is done by the means of electric hydraulic
or pneumatic systems.

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A DE-aerator is adevice for air removal and used to

remove dissolved gases from boiler feed water to make it
non-corrosive. A de-aerator typically includes a vertical
domed DE aeration section as the deaeration feed water
tank. Asteam generating boiler requires that the
circulating steam, condensate and. Thegases will give
rise to corrosion of the metal.The solids will deposit on
heating surfaces giving rise to localized heating and
tuberuptures due to overheating. Deaerator level and
pressure must be controlled by adjusting control valves
the level by regulating condensate flow and pressure by
steam flow.

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A feed water heater is a power plant component used to pre

heat water delivered to a steam generating boiler. Feed
water heater improves the efficiency of the system. This
reduces plant operating costs and also helps to avoid
thermal shock to boiler metal when the feed water is
introduced back intothe steam cycle. Feed water heaters
allow the feed water tobe brought up to the
saturationtemperature very gradually This minimizes the
inevitable irreversibility associated with heat transfer tothe
working fluid(water).
A belt conveyer consists of two pulleys, with a continuous
loop ofmaterial- the conveyer belt that rotates around
them. The pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the
material onthe belt forward. Conveyer belts are extensively
used to transport industrial and agricultural material, such
as grain, coal,ores ETC.

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8.PULVERIZER
A PULVERIZER IS A
COMBUSTION DEVICE FOR
GRINDING COAL IN FOR
COMBUSTION IN FOSSILS
POWER PLANT.

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Boiler Steam Drums are a regular feature of water tube boilers.

Itis reservoir of water/steam at the topend of the watertubes
in the water-tube boiler. They store the generated inthe water
tubes and act as a phase separator for thesteam/water mixture.
The difference in densities between hot and cold water helps in
the accumulation of the hotter-water/and saturated steam
intosteam drum. Made from high - grade steel (probably
stainless) and its working
Involves temperatures 390C and pressure well above 350psi
(2.4MPa). The separated steam is drawn out from the top
section of the drum. Saturated steam is drawn off the top ofthe
drum. The steam will re-enter the furnace in through a
superheater, while the saturated water at the bottom of steam
drum flows down to the mud
drum /feed water drum by down comer tubesaccessories
include a safety valve, water level indicator and fuse plug. A
steam drum is used in the company ofa mud-drum/feed water
drum which is located at a lower level. So that it acts as a sump
forthe sludge or sediments which have a tendency to the
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bottom.

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A Super heater is a device in a steam engine that heats the

steam generated by the boiler againincreasing its thermal
energy and decreasing the likelihood that it will condense
inside the engine. Superheaters increase the efficiency of the
steam engine, andwere widely adopted. Steam which has
been superheated is logically known as superheated steam;
non-superheated steam is called saturated steamer wet
steam;
Super
heaters
were
applied
tosteam
locomotionadopted. Steam which has been superheated is
logically known as superheated steam; non-superheated
steam is called saturated steamer wet steam; Super heaters
were applied tosteam locomotives in quantity. From the early
20th century, to most steam vehicles, andso stationary
steam engines including power stations.

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Air preheater is a general term to describe any

device designed toheat air before another
process (for example, combustion in a boiler).
The purpose of theair preheater is to recover
the heat from the boiler flue gas which
increases the thermal efficiency of the boiler
byreducing the useful heat lost in the fuel gas.
As aconsequence, the flue gases are also sent
tothe flue gas stack(or chimney) at a lower
temperature allowing simplified design of the g
ducting and the flue gas stack. Italso allows
control over the temperature of gases leaving.

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An Electrostatic precipitator of
aninduced electrostatic
charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration
devices, and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as
dust andsmoke from the air steam. ESPs continue tobe
excellent devices for control of many industrial particulate
emissions,including smoke from electricity. generating
utilities (coal and oil fired), salt cake collection from black
liquor boilers in pump mills, andcatalyst collection from
fluidized bed catalytic crackers from several hundred thousand
ACFM in thelargest coal-fired boiler application.The
originalparallel plate-Weighted wire design (described above)
has evolved asmore efficient ( and robust)discharge electrode
designs were developed, today focusing onrigid discharge
electrodes to which many sharpenedspikes are attached,
maximizing corona production. Transformer rectifier systems
apply voltages of50-100 Kilovolts at relatively high current
densities. Modern controls minimize sparking and prevent
arcing, avoiding damage to the Automatic rapping systems
and hopperevacuation systems remove the collected
particulate matter while online allowing ESPs to stay in
operation for years at a time components.

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Fuel gas stack is atype of chimney, a vertical pipe,channel or

similar structure through which combustion product gases
called fuel gases are exhausted to the outside air. Fuel gases
are produced when coal, oil, natural gas, wood or any
otherlarge combustion device. Fuel gas is usually composed
of carbondioxide (CO2) and water vapour as well as nitrogen
and excess oxygen remaining from the intake combustion air.
It also contains a small percentage of pollutants such as
particulates matter, carbon mono oxide, nitrogen oxides and
sulfur oxides. The flue gas stacks are often quite tall,up to
400 meters (1300 feet) or more, so asto disperse the exhaust
pollutants over agreater aria and thereby reduce the
concentration ofthe pollutants to the levels required
bygovernmental environmental policies andregulations.
Automatic rapping systems and while online allowing ESPs to
stay in operation for years at a time.

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It helps us in changing the rate & speed or frequency of feeder.

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16. Forced draft fan(FD FAN)- The fan which is

used in Combustion of coal.

17.Induced draft fan(ID FAN)- It is located at the

end of boiler. It pulls out all the impurities from
flu gas.

18. CHP Pump- It determines size of coal.

19.Wagon Tripler-Coal carried by train goes into

it.

20. Classifier-it is used to determine 70% of 200

mess.From here it goes into mill.

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21.Primary fan(PF )-it removes hot air

from mill.
22.Hotwell-The expanded steam of turbine
is stored in tank for reuse. Stored tank is
known as hotwell.
23.Condensate extraction pump- It draws
water from condenser and sent through
low Pressure heater.
24. Drain cooler- it receives the exhaust
drains from various auxiliary services and
condenses them.

25. Gland steam condenser - it collects

steam vapor and air from turbine gland
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system and them by circulating feed

ELECTRICITY GENERATION PROCESS(A

BASIC OVERVIEW)
At NTPC (BARH) the main two paths are the flue gas or air
cycle and steam orcondensate path.

CAPITAL OVERHAUL
NTPC has been in news due to extensive load sheds in many
areas in delhi and the main cause behind these loadsheds
was the capital overhaul ofone of 210 MW units. Unit IV was
under an extensive check , which has caused shut down of
the plant and the plant, was dismantled completely to change
the old parts and cleaning up the whole unit. But capital
overhaul has no meaning because such a deep checking of
the plant happens once in five to seven year.
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HOW ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED ?

Thermal power station burns fuel and uses the resultant heat to raise
steam which drives the TURBO GENERATOR. The fuel may
befossil(coal, oil, natural gas) or it may be fissionable, whichever
fuel is used, the objective is same to convert the mechanical energy
into electricity by rotating a magnet inside a set of winding. Its other
raw materials are air and water. The coal brought to the station by
trains or by other means, travels handling plant by conveyer belts,
travels from pulverizing mills, which grind it as fine as theface
powder of size up to20 microns. The finely produced coal mixed with
preheated air is then blown into the boiler by a fan called primary air
fan where it burns more like a gas than as a solid, in the conventional
domestic or industrial grate, with additional amount of air, called
secondary air supply, by forced draft fan. As coal is ground so finally
the resultant ashis also a fine powder. Some of it binds together to
form pumps, which falls into ashpits at the bottom of the furnace.
Thewater-quenched ash from thebottom is conveyed to pits for
subsequent disposal or sale.Most of ash, still in fine particle form is
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carried out ofboilers to the precipitator as dust, where electrodes

The dust is thenconveyed to waterto disposal area or to bunker

for sale while the clean flue gases arepassed on through IP fans to
be discharged through chimneys. The heat released from the coal
has been absorbed by the many kilometres tubing which line the
boiler walls. Inside the tubes the boiler feed water, which is
transformed by heat into steam at high temperature and pressure.
The steam superheatedin further tubes(super heaters) passes to
turbine where it is discharged through the nozzleon the
turbineblades. Just as the energy of wind turns the sail of the
windmill, the energy of steam striking the blade makes the turbine
rotate. Coupled to the endof the turbine is the rotor of
thegenerator.The rotor is housed inside the stator having heavy
coils of thebars in which electricity is produced through the
movement of magnetic field created by the rotor. Electricity passes
from stator windings to step-up transformer which increases its
voltage so that it canbe transmitted efficiently over lines of grid.
The steam which has given up its heat energy is changed back into
water in a condenserso that it is ready for re-use. The condenser
contains many kilometres of tubing through which cold water is
constantly pumped. Thesteam passing around the tubes looses
heat. Thus it is rapidly changed backinto water. But, the two lots
of water, that is, the boiler feed andcooling water must never mix.
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Cooling water is drawn from river- bed, but the boiler feed water

COAL CYCLE

TABLES OF CYCLES

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CONDENSATE CYCLE -

CONDENSATE
CYCLE
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FEED WATER
CYCLE

STEAM
CYCLE

RANKINE
CYCLE

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CONTROL
INSTRUMENTATION

AND

This division basically calibrates various instruments and takes

care ofany faults occur in any of the auxiliaries in the
plantThis department is the brainof the plant because from
therelays to transmitters followed by the electronic
computation chipsets and recorders andlastly the controlling
circuitry, all fallunder this.
Instrumentation can be well defined as a technology of using
instruments to measure and control the physical and chemical
properties of a material. Control and instrumentation has
following labs:
1.Manometer lab
2.Protection and interlock labs
3.Automation lab
4.Electronics lab
5.Water treatment plant
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6.Futafemaces safety supervisery lab

AUTOMATION AND
CONTROL SYSTEM
The word automation is widely used today in relation to various
types of applications, such as office automation, plant or process
automation. This subsection presents the application of a control
system for the automation of aprocess / plant, such as apower
station. In this last application, the automation actively controls the
plant during the threemain phases of operation: plant start-up,
powergeneration in stable or put Duringplant start-up and shutdown,
sequence
controllers
as
well
as
long
range
modulatingcontrollers in or out of operation every pieceof the
plant, at the correct time and in coordinated modes, taking into
account safety as well as overstressing limits. During stable
generation of power, the modulating portion of the automation
system keeps the actual generated power value within the limits of
the desired load demand.

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During major load changes, the automation system automatically

redefines new set points and switches ON or OFF process pieces, to
automatically bring the individual processes in an optimally
coordinated way to thenew desired load demand. This loadtransfer
is executed according to pre- programmed adaptively controlled load
gradients and in a safe way. The word automation is widely used
today in relation to various types of applications, such as office
automation, plant or process automation. This subsection presents
the application of a control system for the automation of aprocess /
plant, such as apower station. In this last application, the
automation actively controls the plant during the threemain phases
of operation: plant start-up, powergeneration in stable or put
Duringplant start-up and shut-down, sequence controllers as well as
long range modulatingcontrollers in or out of operation every
pieceof the plant, at the correct time and in coordinated modes,
taking into account safety as well as overstressing limits. During
stable generation of power, the modulating portion of the
automation system keeps the actual generated power value within
the limits of the desired load demand. During major load changes,
the automation system automatically redefines new set points and
switches
ON or OFF process pieces, to automatically bring the
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individual processes in an optimally coordinated way to thenew

AUTOMATION: THE BENEFITS

The main benefits of plant automation are to increase overall
plant availability and efficiency. The increase of these two
factors is achieved through a series of features summarized
as follows:
Optimisation of house load consumption during plant startup, shut-down and operation.
Faster plant start-up through elimination of control errors
creating delays.
Faster sequence of control actions comparedto manual ones.
Figures 1 shows the sequence of arapid restart using
automation for a typical coal-fired station. Even a well- trained
operator crewwould probably not be abletobring the plant to
full loadin the same time without considerable risks.
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Co-ordination of house load to the generated power output.

Ensure and maintain plant operation even in case of disturbances
in the control system.
Coordinated ON / OFF and modulating control switchover capability
from asub process to a redundant one.
Prevent sub-process and process tripping chain reaction following
aproduce plant / process shutdown time for repair and
maintenance as well as repair costs.
Protection of individual process components against overstress (in
a stable orunstable plant operation).
Bringing processes in a safe stage of operation, where process
components areprotected against overstress.

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PROCESS STRUCTURE
Analysis of processes in Power Stations and Industry advocates
the advisability ofdividing the complex overall process
intoindividual sub-processes having distinctly defined
functions. This division of the process in clearly defined
groups,termed as FUNCTIONAL GROUPS, results in a
hierarchical process structure. While the hierarchical structure
is governed in the horizontal direction by the number of
drives(motorised valves, fans, dampers, pumps, etc.) in
otherwords the size of the process; in the vertical direction,
there is a distinction madebetween three fundamental levels,
thesebeing the: Drive Level
Function Group Level
Unit Level

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To the Drive Level, the lowest level, belong the individual

process equipment and associated electrical drives. The
Function Group is that partof the process that fulfils a
particular defined task e.g., Induced Draft Control,Feed
Water Control, Blooming MillControl, etc. Thus atthe time
of planning it is necessary to identify eachfunction group in
a clear mannerby assigning it to a particular process
activity. Each function group contains a combination of its
associated individual equipment drives. The drive levels
aresubordinate to this level. The function groups are
combinedto obtain the overall process control function
atthe Unit Level. The above three levels are defined with
regard to the process and not from the controlpoint of
view.

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CONTROL SYSTEM STRUCTURE

The primary requirement to be fulfilled by any control system

architecture is that it be capable of being organized and
implemented on true process-oriented lines. In otherwords,
the control system structure should map on to the hierarchy
process
structure.
NTPCs
PROCONTROL
meets
thisrequirement completely.

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CNTROL AND MONITORING

MECHANISMS
There are basically two types ofProblems faced in a Power Plant
Metallurgical
Mechanical
Mechanical Problem can be related to
speedpermissible for a turbine is 3000
monitored and maintained at that level
beview as themax Inlet Temperature
temperature should be below the limit.

Turbines that is the max

rpm , so speed should be
Metallurgical Problem can
for Turbine is 1060C so

Monitoring of all the parameters is necessary for the safety of

both:
Employees
Machines

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So the Parameters to be monitored are:

Speed
Temperature
Current
Voltage
Pressure
Eccentricity
Flow of Gases
Vacuum Pressure
Valves
Level
Vibration

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PRESSURE MONITORING
Pressure can be monitored by three types of basic mechanisms:Switches
Gauges
Transmittertype
For gauges we use Bourdon tubes : The Bourdon Tube is a non
liquid pressure measurement device. It is widely used in applications
where inexpensive static pressure measurements are needed. A
typical Bourdon tube contains a curved tube thatis open to external
pressure input on one end and is coupled mechanically to an
indicating needle on the other end, as shown schematicallybelow.

Typical BourdonTube PressureG

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 For Switches: Pressure switches are used and they can be used
for digital means
ofmonitoringas with beingON isreferred as
highand being OFFis as low. All the
monitored data is
convertedto either Current or Voltage parameter. The Plant
standard for current and voltage are as under
Voltage :0 10 Volts range
Current :4 20 milliAmperes
We use 4mA as the lower value so as to check for disturbances
and wire breaks.Accuracy of such systems is very high
.ACCURACY:+ -0.1 %The wholesystem used is SCADA
baseD.Programmable. Logic circuits(PLCS)are used in this
process as they are headlt of instrumentation.

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BASIC PRESSURE CONTROL MECHA

TEMPERATUREMONITORING
We can use Thermocouples or RTDs for temperature
monitoringNormally RTDs are used for low temperatures.
Thermocouple selection depends upon two factors:
TemperatureRange

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Accuracy
This is the mostRequired
commonly used general purpose thermocouple.
It is inexpensive and, owing to its popularity, available in awide
variety of probes. They are available in the200 C to +1200 C
range.
Sensitivity is approximately 41 V/C. RTDs are also used but
not in protection systems due to vibrational errors. We pass
aconstant cure through the RTD. So that if Rchanges then
theVoltage also changes. RTDs used in Industries are Pt100 and
Pt1000
Pt100:0C 100 ( 1 =2.5 C )
Pt1000: 0C - 1000
Pt1000 is used for higher accuracy. The gaugesused for
Temperature measurements are mercury filled Temperature
gauges. For Analog medium thermocouples are used and for
Digital medium Switches are used which are basically mercury
switches.
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FLOW MEASUREMENT
Flow measurement does not signify much andis measured just
for metering purposes and for monitoring the processes.

ROTAMETERS
A Rotameter is a device that measures the flow rate of liquid or
gas in a closed tube. It is occasionally misspelled as 'rotometer'.
It belongs to a class of meters called variable area meters,
which measure flow rate by allowing the cross sectional area the
fluid travels throughto vary, causing A rotameter consists of a
tapered tube, typically made of glass, with a float inside that
ispushed up by flow andpulled down by gravity.At a higher
flow rate more area(betweenthe float and the tube)is needed
to accommodatethe flow, so the float rises. Floats aremade in
many different shapes, , with spheres and spherical ellipses
being the mostcommon. The float is shaped so thatit rotates
axially as the fluid passes. This allows youto tell if the float is
stuck since it will only rotate if it is not.For Digital
measurements Flap system is used.

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For Analog measurements we can use the following methods :

Flowmeters
Venurimeters /Orifice meters
Turbines
Massflow meters( oil level )
Ultrasonic Flow meters
Magnetic Flowmeter( water level )
Selection of flow meter depends upon the purpose , accuracy
and liquid to be measured so different types of meters used.
Turbine type are the simplest of all.They work on the principle
that on each rotation of the turbine a pulse is generated
andthat pulse is counted to get the flow rate

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VENTURIMETERS

Referring to the diagram, using Bernoulli's equation inthe

special case of incompressible fluids (such as the approximation
of a water jet), the theoretical pressure drop at the constriction
would be given by (/2)(v22- v12).
And we know that rate of flow is given by:
Flow = k (D.P)
Where dp i pressure pumps the differential pressure of the
pressure pump.
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FURNACE SAFEGUARD
SUPERVISORY SYSTEM
FSSS is also called as Burner Management System (BMS). It is a
microprocessor basedprogrammable logic controller of proven
design incorporating

all protection facilities required for such system. Main objective of

FSSS is to ensure safety of the boiler. The 95 MW boilers are
indirect type boilers. Fire takes place in front and in rear side.
Thats why its called front and reartype boiler. The 210 MW boilers
are direct type boilers (which means that HSD is in direct contact
with coal) firing takes place from the corner. Thus it is also known
as corner type boiler.

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IGNITER
SYSTEM
Igniter system is an automatic system, it takes the charge
from
110kv
and
this
spark
isbroughtinfrontoftheoilguns,whichspray
aeratedHSDonthecoalforcoal combustion. There is a 5
minute delay cycle before igniting, this is to evacuate or
burn the HSD. This method is known as PURGING.

PRESSURE SWITCH
Pressure switches are the devices that make or break a
circuit. When pressure is applied ,the switch under the switch
gets pressed which is attached to a relay that makes or
breakthe circuit.Time delay can also be included insensing
the pressure with the help of pressure valves.Examples of
pressure
valves:1.Manual
valves
(tap)2.Motorizedvalves(actuator)
works
onmotoraction3.Pneumatic valve (actuator)_ works due to
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pressure of compressed air4.Hydraulicvalve.