Translation

(Protein
Synthesis)

Translation of mRNA
(Protein Synthesis)

This is the biological polymerization of amino acids

into polypeptide chains.

Translation is the process by which the nucleotide

sequence of mRNA is converveted to the amino acid
sequence of a polypeptide.

In the first step of the process, all the components

needed for translation come together.

mRNA

(Kozak Scanning)

Kozak Scanning

tRNA

Formation of
aminoacyl-tRNA

Recognition of the codon by the

anticodon

 The mRNA transcript is a linear sequence of

nucleotides carrying genetic information and
it is single-stranded.
Every three bases of mRNA (a triplet)
specifies an amino acid to be added to a
growing polypeptide chain; the relationship
between the triplets and the corresponding
amino acids is the genetic code.
Each base triplet of mRNA is called a codon.
The genetic code is nearly universal for all
forms of life.

Features of the Genetic

Code

 The flow of genetic information follows the sequence DNA RNA protein.
The genetic information in the structural region of a gene is transcribed into an RNA
molecule such that the sequence of the latter is complementary to that in the DNA.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA), are
directly involved in protein synthesis; miRNAs regulate mRNA function at the level
of translation and/or stability.
The information in mRNA is in a tandem array of codons, each of which is 3 nt long.
mRNA is read continuously from a start codon (AUG) to a termination codon
The open reading frame, or ORF, of the mRNA is the series of codons, each specifying
a certain amino acid, that determines the precise aa sequence of the protein.
Protein synthesis, like DNA and RNA synthesis, follows the 5' to 3' polarity of mRNA
and can be divided into three processes: initiation, elongation, and termination.

Mutant proteins arise when single-base substitutions result in codons that specify a
different amino acid at a given position, when a stop codon results in a truncated protein,
or when base additions or deletions alter the reading frame, so different codons are read.
A variety of compounds, including several antibiotics, inhibit protein synthesis by
affecting one or more of the steps involved in protein synthesis.

Amino acid activation

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

The genetic code is translated by means of two sequential

"adaptors". The
first adaptor is the aminoacyltRNA synthetase enzyme, which
couples a particular
amino acid to its corresponding tRNA; the second adaptor is the tRNA
molecule,
whose anticodon forms base pairs with the appropriate nucleotide

The incorporation of an amino acid into a protein. A

polypeptide chain
grows by the stepwise addition of amino acids to its carboxylterminal end.
The formation of each peptide bond is energetically favorable
because the

Decoding an mRNA molecule

Each amino acid added to the growing end
of a
polypeptide chain is selected by
complementary
base-pairing between the anticodon on its

A comparison of the structures of procaryotic and eucaryotic

The elongation phase of protein synthesis on a

Kinetic proofreading selects for the correct tRNA molecule on

the ribosome

The final phase of protein synthesis:

The binding of release factor to stop codon terminate

The initiation phase of protein

synthesis in eucaryotes

Inhibitors of Protein or RNA Synthesis

Acting Only on Procaryotes*
Tetracycline blocks binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to A-site of ribosome
Streptomycin prevents the transition from initiation complex to chainelongating
ribosome and also causes miscoding.
Chloramphenicol blocks the peptidyl transferase reaction on ribosomes
Erythromycin blocks the translocation reaction on ribosomes
Rifamycin blocks initiation of RNA chains by binding to RNA polymerase
(prevents
Acting
Only on Procaryotes and Eucaryotes
RNA synthesis)
Puromycin causes the premature release of nascent polypeptide chains
by its
addition to growing chain end.
Actinomycin D binds to DNA and blocks the movement of RNA
polymerase
Acting
OnlyRNA
on synthesis)
Eucaryotes
(prevents
Cycloheximide blocks the translocation reaction on ribosomes.
Anisomycin blocks the peptidyl transferase reaction on ribosomes
-Amanitin blocks mRNA synthesis by binding preferentially to RNA
polymerase II

REGULASI EXPRESSI GENE

(1) controlling when and how often a given geneis transcribed (transcriptional
control),
(2) controlling how the primary RNA transcript is spliced or otherwise processed
(RNA processing control),
(3) selecting which completed mRNAs in the cell nucleus are exported to the
cytoplasm
(RNA transport control),
(4) selecting which mRNAs in the cytoplasm are translated by ribosomes (translational
control), (5) selectively destabilizing certain mRNA molecules in the cytoplasm
(mRNA degradation control) (6) selectively activating, inactivating, or

Levels of regulation
of eucaryotic gene
expression.