Analysis of Expansion Waves

Ondas de Prandtl Meyer

Theory of Extrapolation of Physics

Soif>0..Compressionaroundaconcavecorner

M1
M2

Soif=0..NoCompression

Expansion Wave
Consider the scenario shown in the
adjacent figure.
As a supersonic flow turns, the normal
component of the velocity increases
(w2 > w1).
The tangential component remains
constant (v2 = v1).
The corresponding change is the
entropy (s = s2 s1) can be expressed
as follows,

Pressure and Temperature Change Across Expansion Fan

Because

each mach wave is

infinitesimal, expansion is isentropic
- P02 = P01
- T02 = T01

p2 P 01
p2

p1
p1 P 0 2

T2 T 01 T2

T1
T1 T 0 2

1 2
1
M1
2
1 2
1
M2

1 2
1
M1
2
1 2
1
M2

Thenitfollowsthat<0..Wegetanexpansionwave

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves

Flowacceleratesaroundcorner.
Continuousflowregionsometimescalledexpansionfan
consistingofaseriesofMachwaves.
EachMachwaveisinfinitesimallyweakisentropicflowregion.
Flowstreamlinesarecurvedandsmooththroughfan.

Moresimply

M 2 M 1
(M)Prandtl-MeyerFunction

1 1
tan
1

1
2
1
2
M

tan
M

2
2
1

1 1
tan
1

1
2
1
2
M

tan
M

1
1

1
1

ImplicitfunctionmoreNewton!

M2 versus M1,

M1= 5
M1= 3
M1= 1

Pressure and Temperature Change Across Expansion Fan

Because each mach wave

is infinitesimal, expansion
is isentropic

- P02 = P01
- T 02 = T 01
1 2
1

M1

p2 P 01
p2
2

p1
p1 P 0 2 1 1 M 2
2

2
1 2

M1

T2 T 01 T2
2

T1
T1 T 0 2 1 1 M 2
2

Maximum Turning Angle

How much a supersonic flow can
turn through.
A flow has to turn so that it can
satisfy the boundary conditions.
In an ideal flow, there are two kinds
of boundary condition that the flow
has to satisfy,

Velocity boundary condition, which dictates that the component of

the flow velocity normal to the wall be zero.
It is also known as no-penetration boundary condition.
Pressure boundary condition, which states that there cannot be a
discontinuity in the static pressure inside the flow.

 If the flow turns enough so that it becomes parallel to the wall,

we do not need to worry about this boundary condition.
However, as the flow turns, its static pressure decreases.
If there is not enough pressure to start with, the flow won't be
able to complete the turn and will not be parallel to the wall.
This shows up as the maximum angle though which a flow can
turn. Lower to Mach number to start with (i.e. small M1),
greater the maximum angle though which the flow can turn.
The streamline which separates the final flow direction and the
wall is known as a slipstream.
Across this line there is a jump in the temperature, density and
tangential component of the velocity (normal component being
zero).
Beyond the slipstream the flow is stagnant (which automatically
satisfies the velocity boundary condition at the wall).
In case of real flow, a shear layer is observed instead of a
slipstream, because of the additional no-slip boundary
condition.

Maximum Turning Angle

1 2
1

M1

p2 P 01
p2
2

p1
p1 P 0 2 1 1 M 2
2

1 1
( )
tan
1

max

p 0 M
2

1 2
1
2
1 tan
1

1
1 1
1

tan
1 2
1

1
1
1 2

1
1
2

1
tan
M
M 12 1

1
1

 Plotting as a max function of Mach number

{T2, p2} = 0

Highest Value for Maximum Turning Angles

Anatomy of Prandtl Meyer Expansion Wave

Combination of Shock &

Expansion Wave
An Important Product !!!

Supersonic Flow Over Flat Plates at Angle of Attack

Review: Oblique Shock Wave Angle

tan

2 tan M 1 sin 1
2

tan 2 M 1 cos 2
2

2 M 12 sin 2 1

tan 2 M 12 cos 2

Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves

<0 .. We get an expansion wave (Prandtl-Meyer)

1 1
(M 2 ) (M 1 ) (M )
tan
1

1 2
M 1 tan 1 M 2 1