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Advanced Topics

(ii) Active Microwave Remote


Sensing

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Objectives
2

Introduction
Active Remote Sensing

(Principles & Applications)

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Active Microwave Sensors


3

Active sensors create their own electromagnetic energy that


1) Gets transmitted from the sensor toward the terrain
2) Interacts with the terrain producing a backscatter of
energy and
1) Gets recorded by the remote sensors receiver .
E.g: Radio Detection And Ranging (RADAR)
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
Real Aperture Radar (RAR)
Scatterometer

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Radar
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directed beam of microwave


pulses are transmitted from an
antenna

The

energy interacts with the


terrain and gets scattered which is
measured by the radar antenna

Source:
http://forum.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/Members/mtedesco/lectureNov14b
Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Radar Backscatter
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Power received

Power per unit area at target

Effective scattering area of the target


Spreading loss of reradiated signal

x
x

Effective receiving area of antenna

This relation is given by the Radar Equation

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Radar equation
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Pr

2
2
PG

t t

4
4

R

3

Pr power received
Pt power transmitted
Gt antenna gain in direction of target
R range distance from transmitter to target

backscatter area of target


wavelength
Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Radar Backscatter Coefficient


7


A
o

= Radar cross-section (Efficiency of terrain to reflect radar


pulse)

= Radar backscatter coefficient ( Radar cross section per unit


area (A)

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Radar Backscattering
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Depends on the properties of the target:


roughness
dielectric constant
Depends on characteristics of the radar:
depression angle
frequency/wavelength
polarization

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Radar and the


Dielectric Constant
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Dielectric constant depends on the type of material as well as

its moisture state

it is analogous to the refractive index of the material


it is primarily a function of moisture content
also depends on chemical properties such as salinity

Dielectric constant is the ratio of the capacitance of a material to

that of a vacuum. Also known as the relative permittivity

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Dielectric Constant
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Source: http://forum.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/Members/mtedesco/lectureNov14b
Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Radar frequency and backscatter


11

Depth of radar

penetration
through the
vegetation
canopy varies
directly with l

Source: http://forum.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/Members/mtedesco/lectureNov14b
Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

12

Types of Active
Microwave Surface
and Volume
Scattering that Take
Place in a
Hypothetical Pine
Forest Stand

Source: http://forum.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/Members/mtedesco/lectureNov14b
Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Response of A Pine Forest Stand to X-, C- and L-band Microwave


Energy
13

Source: http://forum.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/Members/mtedesco/lectureNov14b
Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Radar Parameters
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Azimuth Direction

direction of travel of aircraft or orbital track of satellite


Range angle
direction of radar illumination, usually perpendicular to
azimuth direction
Depression angle
angle between horizontal plane and microwave pulse (near
range depression angle > far range depression angle)
Incident angle
angle between microwave pulse and a line perpendicular to
the local surface slope
Polarization
linearly polarized microwave energy emitted/received by the
sensor (HH, VV, HV, VH)

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Source: http://forum.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/Members/mtedesco/lectureNov14b
Remote Sensing: M9L2

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D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Slant Range vs. Ground Range


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Source: http://forum.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/Members/mtedesco/lectureNov14b
Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Radar Pulse Length


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Source: http://forum.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/Members/mtedesco/lectureNov14b
Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)


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Source: http://forum.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/Members/mtedesco/lectureNov14b
Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Radar Layover
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Source: http://forum.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/Members/mtedesco/lectureNov14b
Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Radar Shadowing
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Source: http://forum.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/Members/mtedesco/lectureNov14b
Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Foreshortening

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Source: http://forum.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/Members/mtedesco/lectureNov14b
Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Radar Shadow
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Source: http://forum.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/Members/mtedesco/lectureNov14b
Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

SAR Applications
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DEM generation
Land subsidence monitoring
Estimation of soil moisture content
Biomass estimation
Crop estimation
Flood control
Oil spill Monitoring

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

DEM generation
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Stereo SAR: The parallax of a pair of SAR imagery is used to

generate a digital elevation model (DEM)


Interferometric SAR : The phase different between two SAR

images are used to estimate the surface height

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Subsidence Monitoring
25

The

technique of differential Interferometric SAR


(DiInSAR) is used to obtain millimeter level of accuracy

It can help in predicting the hazards such as mining

exploitation.

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Estimation of
Soil Moisture
26

Soil dielectric constant is calculated through the SAR

backscattering signals; Soil moisture content gets affect


by soil dielectric constant
Accuracy of the estimated result depend on the SAR wave

length, the polarization used


It is useful for irrigation monitoring as well as the

environmental monitoring

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Biomass Estimation
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SAR polarimetry : Thepolarization state of receiving and

transmitting channel is employed to measure the differences


in backscatter due to orientation, shape and material
composition

SAR interferometry : It coherently combines signals from two

separated spatial positions to extract an interferogram

By combining these two technologies, the vegetation

propertied such as vegetation height and biomass can be


determined.

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Estimation of Crop
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Multi-temporal SAR data should be used to monitor the

plant grow and estimate the plants biomass.


The damages area due to Flooding or Sea Serge... can also

be monitoring
The crop producing model may be used to simulate the

plant grow and predict the crop yields

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Flood Control
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SAR data is weather independent


It can be obtain in before, during, and after the flood

event
The flood area can be mapped
The flood movement can be delineated
The flood effect area can be mapped

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Monitoring Oil spills


30

The SAR data is cloud independent;


Oil cover surface is clearly displaced in SAR images as

dark regions;
Some software can detect oil spills automatically
The thickness of the oil layer may also be obtained using
SAR data;
With the multi-temporal data available, the source of
pollution may be discovered.

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Sources of Microwave Data


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Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E)

[http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/AMSR/data_products.html ].
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)

[http://mirador.gsfc.nasa.gov]

Remote Sensing: M9L2

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Thank You

Remote Sensing: M9L2

32

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

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