Induction Machine

Induction Machine
(N. Tesla 1888)
Principle of operation
Construction
Characteristics:
slip
rotor current
power
torque

Classification
Control

Principle of operation
o
squirrel-cage rotor

o
o

Three-Phase Supply Voltage

A

60 120

S
A
120
C

Resultant Stator Flux

Rotating Magnetic Flux
A

B
0

B
60

Its electromagnetic
induction !!!

Induction Motor
electromagnetic induction
rotating magnetic flux induces an alternating
current in the rotor

motor action
interaction of the induced rotor-current with
the rotating field produces motor torque

Direction of Rotation

The rotor follows the rotating magnetic flux !

How to change the direction of

rotation?
change the direction of rotation of the

rotating magnetic flux

change the phase sequence of the applied
voltage

Synchronous Speed
speed of the rotating magnetic flux
ns

= fs / (P/2)

Slip Speed n, Slip s

n = ns

- nr
s = ( n s - nr ) / n s
if
for

nr then n and s
n r = ns

s=0

fr : frequency of the induced

voltage in the rotor
fr = P n / 120

n = ns -nr

Rotor Current

1 -------- slip ---.2 - 0

0 ------ speed ---- 100%

Rotor Current Phasor

Ir cos (theta): horizontal component

s = .05

s = .2

SGAP = EBRIr (cos 0 + j sin 0)

s=1

Interpreting the Circle Diagram

s = .05
Assume s = .05; If Tload
s = .2

nr

Ir

Ir cos0

sufficient to carry the load

s=1

Power-Flow Diagram
Pgap
Pmech

Pin

Pshaft
Pscl

Pcore

Prcl

Pf,w Pstray

Mechanical Power vs Torque

Pmech = TD

nr / 5252

(hp)
shaft speed r/min

developed torque lb-ft

mechanical power developed in rotor hp

TD Torque

Torque vs Speed
o

breakdown

o rated value

locked rotor

slip

Torque-Speed Characteristics
T

D
C

A-B

Speed

2112
. Rr E BR
2

s nr [( Rr / s )

2
BR

Can slip at maximum torque be

changed?
Elevator
Tmax

Speed

T max

R
R (X
2

2
)
X2

Induction Generator

Induction
Motor

Turbine

Increasing rotor speed above ns will reverse direction of PGAP

==> power is transferred in reverse direction, from rotor to stator

Induction Motor Starting

Autotransformer Starting
Y-Delta Starting
Series Impedance
Solid State Starting

Breaking (rotating rotor induces

currents to be dissipated in stator circuit)

DC Injection
Capacitor Breaking

Single-Phase Induction Motor

There is no rotating magnetic flux
How to produce needed rotating flux?
Quadrature Field

Quadrature-Axis Flux (flux

induced by rotor current)
Stator or direct-axis flux

Quadrature-axis or
rotor flux

Phase Splitting
Single
phase

Phase
Splitter

Split-Phase Motors
Resistance-Start Split-Phase Motors
Capacitor-Start Split-Phase Motors