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Lecture # 3

Airfoil Aerodynamics

Aerodynamic Coefficients
Cl = (Lift force/unit span)/(q c)
Cd = (Drag force/unit span)/(q c)
Cm = (Pitching moment/unit span)/(q c 2)
where
q is the dynamic pressure, q = 0.5 V2,
and c is the airfoil chord

Some Questions
What is an airfoil?

Some Questions
What is an airfoil?
What aerodynamic characteristics are we
interested in knowing?

Some Questions
What is an airfoil?
What aerodynamic characteristics are we
interested in knowing?
What are the geometric parameters that
describe an airfoil?

Some Questions
What is an airfoil?
What aerodynamic characteristics are we
interested in knowing?
What are the geometric parameters that
describe an airfoil?
What are the factors that influence the
aerodynamic characteristics?

Airfoil Geometry

Geometric Construction of an Airfoil

From NASA
Sp-367 by Taly

Airfoil Camber line Variations

From NASA
Sp-367 by Taly

Lift Coefficient versus angle of


attack

From Introduction
to Flight by
Anderson

Drag
Bucket

Influence of Airfoil Geometry on


airfoil aerodynamics
What are some of the geometric factors
that influence the aerodynamic
performance of an airfoil?
Thickness to chord ratio, t/c
Location of max t/c

Nose radius
Camber
Maximum camber
Location of max camber

Aerofoil Thickness
What is the influence of thickness?

Aerofoil Thickness
What is the influence of thickness?
Influence of t/c on lift coefficient
Clmax increases with increasing t/c up to t/c in
the order of 13-15% at t/c > 15% begins to
Clmax decrease.

Aerofoil Thickness
What is the influence of thickness?
Influence of t/c on lift coefficient
Clmax increases with increasing t/c up to t/c in the
order of 13-15% at t/c > 15% begins to Clmax
decrease.

Influence of t/c on drag coefficient


Cdmin increases with increasing t/c

Leading edge nose radius


What is the major effect of the leading
edge radius on airfoil performance?

Leading edge nose radius


What is the major effect of the leading
edge radius on airfoil performance?
Effects airfoil stall characteristics
Small leading edge radius has a sharp stall
break
Large leading edge radius has a gentle stall
break

Camber
What is the influence of camber on the
aerodynamic characteristics?

Camber
What is the influence of camber on the
aerodynamic characteristics?
Increasing camber increases zero lift
angle of attack.

Camber
What is the influence of camber on the
aerodynamic characteristics?
Increasing camber increases zero lift
angle of attack.
Camber can be used to get a low drag
coefficient at the designed lift coefficient.

Camber
What is the influence of camber on the
aerodynamic characteristics?
Increasing camber increases zero lift
angle of attack.
Camber can be used to get a low drag
coefficient at the designed lift coefficient.
The maximum lift coefficient of moderately
cambered airfoil sections increase with
increasing camber.

Camber
What is the influence of camber on the
aerodynamic characteristics?
Increasing camber increases zero lift angle of attack.
Camber can be used to get a low drag coefficient at
the designed lift coefficient.
The maximum lift coefficient of moderately cambered
airfoil sections increase with increasing camber.
Camber can effect the stall behavior.
For airfoil sections that have the maximum camber far
forward the stall is very abrupt

What other factors besides geometry influence the


aerodynamic characteristics?

What other factors besides geometry influence the


aerodynamic characteristics?

Aerodynamic coefficients are a function of


Geometry
Angle of attack
Reynolds number
Mach Number

Maximum Lift Coefficient

Minimum Drag Coefficient

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