RESEARCH METHODS

DR HAMID ATEEQ SARWAR

As per
MANUAL OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
prepared by DR SIKANDAR HAYAT Dean NSPP

Research Methodology
Introduction
Research?

Search
(again),
exploration,
examination,
discovery

investigation,
interpretation,

inquiry,
analysis,

To seek knowledge

knowledge to
explain/understand the world we live in or
indeed create new knowledge
To find answers to the questions that
interest us, bother us, intrigue us, or indeed
fascinate us
But in a systematic manner, through a welldefined, distinct method (based on facts) 2

Research Methodology
Introduction
What is a Scientific Method? A distinct
way of resolving the problem research
problem
Key elements:
Identifying and defining the problem
through terms, concepts, theory
Forming hypothesis/es
Choosing and applying an appropriate
qualitative or quantitative technique to test
Data collection and analysis
Findings and Conclusion
3

Introduction
Plagiarism (HEC Policy):

Avoid plagiarism

Plagiarism is taking and using

the thoughts, writings, and
intentions of another person
as ones own

Intellectual/academic
dishonesty
4

Introduction
Forms of Plagiarism:

Verbatim, non-verbatim copying,

without citing the exact reference

Verbatim copying by citing but not

clearly differentiating what text has
been copied (no proper quotation
marks)

Unauthorized use of computer

program, software, web pages,
data
base,
graphs,
tables,
diagrams, etc

Research Process
Major Steps:
1. Explore

the

systematic
books,

Topic

background
articles,

through

study,

of

encyclopedias,

internet, etc

Try to understand the topic well

before proceeding any further

Consult with the Faculty Advisor

6

Research Process
2.

Review

of

the

Literature

review

of

relevant literature on the subject

Critical review of the arguments

Deficiencies and difficulties

How does your argument (based on your

Statement of the Problem) will help?

Research Process
3.

Introductory a few introductory paras to

introduce the broad subject/context of the
topic of research

It should set the stage for study of the

topic,

leading

to

the

formulation

of

Statement of the Problem

4. Statement of the Problem

What do you want to find out?

What is the underlying hypothesis?

What is the research problem?

Research Process

What

is

the

question

or

questions you want to pose or

test

(to

help

you

explain

or

understand the phenomena or

reality that forms the subject of
your study)

Statement of the problem is the

pivot around which the whole
research

paper

revolves

and

Research Process
5. Preliminary Outline of the Paper

Present a descriptive outline/plan of

the paper, based on the Statement of
the

Problem,

with

all

its

related

questions/hypotheses for testing and

validation

The Outline should be divided into

Sections

and

sub-Sections,

with

numbers given to each Section and

sub-Section in a sequence

10

Research Process
6.

Prepare a Working Bibliography, based on

the
available
data/sources.
This
Bibliography will obviously be expanded as
more data is collected and used in the
paper.

Topic, Introduction, ranging from the

Statement of the Problem to the
Outline of the paper, and the Working
Bibliography,
together,
constitute
Research Design of the paper

Also referred to as the pre-stage of

11
research

Research Process
7.

Data Collection

Collect all the relevant data, through

documents, interviews, questionnaires,
net, etc

Data must cover all parts of the Outline

uniformly, both in terms of quality and
quantity

Use Note Cards 3x4 or 4x6 (called Library

Cards in the market)

Combination of a number of methods of

12

Research Process
8.

Check your Note Cards and Revise

the Outline to correspond to the data

collected

Make sure you have uniform data for all

parts of the paper. If not, continue with
the data collection (but keep the deadline
in mind)

If required, revise/modify the Statement

of the Problem in line with your data

Final

Outline

develop

your

paper
13

Research Process
9. Arrange the Note Cards according to
each Section/sub-Section of your Outline

Indicate clearly the Section or sub-Section

number on the upper right hand corner of
the Card

If one card could be used for more than one

Section or sub-Section, indicate that too in
a sequential order

Use separate boxes for each Section

Use separate box for Bibliography

While writing, use boxes

following your Outline

one

by

one,
14

Note-taking
Bibliography

Qazi, Amjad Hussain. National Assembly of

Pakistan. Karachi: Publishing House, 2000.

15

Research Process
10. Starting writing the First Draft of
the paper (starting with Introduction,
but minus the Conclusion
First draft is a rough draft

Focus on ideas/arguments

Try to develop clear, concise arguments

(data could always be added as you go
along with the revision of draft second
or third draft)

Make

sure

that

the

arguments

are
16

Research Process
Revise the Draft, and write Conclusion
and Recommendations
Conclusion is an echo of the Introduction

Make

sure

that

its

key

words

or

phrases/concepts match and complement

those in your Introduction

State your conclusion with confidence and

authority

Dont

introduce

new

idea

in

your

Conclusion

17

If possible, call for further research in an

Research Process
Recommendations
Recommendations should always be:

Realistic

Practicable

Viable

Not a wish list

They

should

indicate

clear

and

convincing implementation mechanisms

18

Research Process
Finalize Introduction to the Revised Draft

Revise

and

develop

the

Introduction

carefully to complement the discussion,

analysis and findings in the Main Text and
Conclusion

The whole paper must be harmonious in

harmony with all its constituent parts

Check your notes footnotes/endnotes

carefully (Turabian Manual)
19

Research Process
11. This is your First Draft, ready to
be submitted to your Faculty Advisor
Submit through e-Mail and in
time

20

Research Process
12.

Revise the First Draft of the paper in

the light of the comments of your Faculty

Advisor, ensuring:

Conceptual clarity

Coherence and consistency in arguments

Objective empirical evidence to support the

discussion

Logical

flow

of

information

and

discussion

between different parts/sections of the paper

21

Research Process
13.

Add a comprehensive Bibliography at

the end of the paper after Conclusion and

Recommendations

The Word Count of the paper ends with

the Bibliography

Follow Turabian both for your Notes and

Bibliography
22

Research Process
14.

This is the Second Draft of your paper,

and is ready to be submitted to your Faculty

Advisor

Submit through e-Mail and in time

23

Research Process
15. Revise the Second Draft in the light
of the comments of Faculty Advisor. In
addition, please make sure that your
paper does not suffer from the following
negatives:

Inconsistencies;
Oversimplification;
Overgeneralization;
Personal biases; and
Cliches, flowery or flippant style
24

Research Process
16.

Add Executive Summary One page

only
A concise summary of the paper

Explain what your research has been all

about?

How have you pursued it?

What methods have you employed?

What have been the major outcomes?

25

Research Process
17.

This is the Final paper, ready to be

submitted to your Faculty Advisor

Submit through e-Mail and in time
5 (five) signed hard copies of the paper (IRP)
are submitted to the Faculty Advisor
simultaneously
Individual Research Paper (IRP) which is
Not submitted in time (given time lines)
will NOT BE MARKED/GRADED and ZERO
MARK will be AWARDED
26

Data
Basic/major sources of data collection
are the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Documents
Questionnaires
Interviews
Sampling
NET
Observation
(Useful source of data collection for
anthropological research, may not be
very relevant and useful here)
27

Data
1. Documents
Documents are primarily of two types Primary and Secondary
Primary sources are preferred sources in
research they are original, straight from
the horses mouth kind of material anything recorded by the principal actors
involved in the events being analyzed
Contd

28

Data
Examples:

Personal
Letters,

Records

Memoirs,

Diaries,

Autobiographical/Eye-witness

accounts
Official (Public) Record Government
documents/
studies/reports/inquiries/notifications/minut29

Data
Secondary

Sources

material

produced

after recalling the event/s

The

material

tends

to

be

descriptions,

analyses, interpretations or statements of

those who were not present during the
event/s
Mostly

books,

monographs,

journals,

magazines, and newspapers

30

Data
Documents
photographs,
audio

and

recordings,
interviews,

also

include:

maps,

pictures,

video

casette

tape
and

recorded

computerized
31

Data
How to use Documents?
1. Never use documentary sources uncritically
2. Newspaper reports are at times, if not
mostly, inaccurate or biased. Dont rely on
one papers views. Check against other
newspapers to get the balance
3. Finally, and most importantly, look at your
own prejudices. Are your searching for
evidence to support your own viewpoint
and dismissing out of hand information
that seems to disagree with you?

32

Data
2. Questionnaires (Mailed and Schedule)
.

A good questionnaire grows out of a good

hypothesis

MORE

care

required

for

the

selection

and

designing of questions for mailed questionnaires

.

Selection of the respondents should be done

very carefully
33

Data
(1)Designing the questionnaire:
(a)Preparatory work
(b)Questionnaire format
(c)Questionnaire content
(d)Pre-testing
(e)Training the interviewers
(f)Coding the data
(g)Analysis of the data

34

Data
(2)

Kinds of Questions:
1.

Open or Closed questions

Advantages of Open-ended questions:

i)

Greater freedom to express opinion

ii)

Respondents express their own opinions and will not

be influenced by a ready-made answer just because
it is offered

iii) Bias reduced because response is not limited to

certain answers
Disadvantages:
1.

Time-consuming to analyze

2.

Field workers need training as they are liable to

misunderstand

the

answers

given

by

the
35

Data
Closed Questions (yes/no answers type)
Advantages:
1. Quick to administer
2. Easier to code and analyze
Disadvantages:
3. Misleading questions can be drawn because
of the limited range of options
4. Respondents unable to express personal
opinions and may choose the nearest
answer to what they really think
36

Data
What to avoid in designing questions?
1. Problem question a question that may
not be clear and unambiguous when read
by some one
2. Double barrelled question
A good question must seek answers to
one question, not two. (Should the
government spend more on education
and less on the infrastructure?)
Contd
37

Data
3.Leading question
Leading questions are often emotive
(would you say that animal welfare
charities are a good thing?)
Make sure that your questions dont
begin with statements such as:
Do you agree that
Do you think that
Would you say that,
and so on
Contd
38

Data
4.Hypothetical questions
Try to avoid asking questions where the
respondents have to imagine themselves
in a particular situation
Avoid starting your questions with,
if.

5.Memory questions
Questions that recall events, dates, or
information are likely to lead to inaccurate
replies, which in turn, will make your
research meaningless
Contd

39

Data
6. Sensitive questions
Asking a sensitive question is best left
towards the end of your questionnaire
( especially Schedule)

7. Long questions
It is better to reduce the length of the
long question or make it two questions if it
is necessary to obtain that information

8. Questions requiring prior knowledge:

If the respondents have to look up
information in order to answer your
question, they may abandon it altogether
40

Data
Layout of the Questionnaire
If it is badly designed, the interviewers
and respondents can lose their way and
miss important questions
Layout is as important as the wording of
the questions themselves:

should be clearly printed

should be presented logically

should have plenty of space for

replies

all instructions should be easy to

understand and follow
41

Data
Coding the Questionnaires
Code box on the right side of the
questionnaire convenient
Coding before printing the questionnaire
simple and most obvious questions at the
beginning, more complicated as the
questionnaire proceeds

42

Data
How to distribute the Questionnaire?
Covering letter (unless a Schedule face
to face)
Ensure confidentiality
Return Date essential to give a date by
which

the

questionnaire

should

be

returned (Mailed )
Stamped self addressed envelope
Reminders with intervals.
Letter of thanks (finally)

43

Research Methodology
Style and Form
Format of the Paper
Research paper is generally divided
into five distinct parts:

Preliminaries
Introduction
Text
Conclusion and Recommendations
Notes and Bibliography
44

Research Methodology
Style and Form
Preliminaries:
I). Title page must include:

Type of paper (IRP or GRP)

Name of the Institution

Number and description of the Course for which

the paper is written

Title of the paper

Name and designation of the author

Undertaking

Signature and date of submission of the paper

Name and designation of Faculty Advisor

45

Research Methodology
Style and Form
II). Preface follows the title page it
must include:

Help of your Faculty Advisor

Faculty

Experts interviewed or consulted

Institutions/Libraries,
etc

Archives,

46

Research Methodology
Style and Form
III). Dedication, if any

Normally, dedication is not necessary

for a paper

Generally reserved for theses, booklength studies, or books

IV). Abstract/Executive Summary one

page only (a few hundred words),
summing up the aim and objectives of the
study, method/s employed, and main
47
findings and conclusion

Research Methodology
Style and Form
V). Glossary
restricted

of

Terms

to those terms or

must

be

concepts

which are not common knowledge and

thus need some explanation.

Very very brief one or two lines for

each term

Preferably not more than one page in

all

48

Research Methodology
Style and Form
VI). Table of Contents the main titles
of various parts/Sections (if need be subSections) of the paper, with exact page
numbers

Must be in capital letters

Note: Roman

numerals for all pages of the

preliminaries
49

Research Methodology
Style and Form
2.

Introduction
Introductory a few introductory
paras on the subject leading up to
the precise topic of the study

It should set the stage for the

formulation of the Statement of
the Problem
50

Research Methodology
Style and Form
I)

Statement of the Problem the most

important element of a research paper. It
must clearly and concisely state the
research problem, that is:

What is it that you wish to study?

What do you want to find out?

What
is
the
question/s
or
hypothesis/hypotheses that you intend to test
and validate?

What do you hope to prove or establish?

One sharp, focused para essentially two

51

Research Methodology
Style and Form
II)

Significance and Scope of the

Study

It must highlight the importance of

the study

Is

there

really

any

need

or

justification for it?

What will be the parameters or

52

Research Methodology
Style and Form
III) Review of the Literature
There must be a critical review of literature on
the subject of study to show that:

You are with the current thinking and debate

on the subject, and

there is an ample justification for the present

study

An

appraisal

of

some

important

sources

(four/five important writers or schools of

thought on the subject) should suffice

53

Research Methodology
Style and Form
IV) Methods

Must
clearly
indicate
the
methods selected for research
descriptive,
analytical,
qualitative,
quantitative,
or
some
other
method
or
a
combination of methods

Must also indicate the kind of

data
used

documents,
interviews, questionnaires, etc 54

Research Methodology
Style and Form
V)

Outline of the paper

Finally, you must, in a descriptive form, present the

outline/plan of your paper, divided into Sections
(and, if necessary, sub-Sections)

You must indicate contents of discussion in

each Section of the paper, one by one, till
your Conclusion

Note: Arabic
Introduction,
Bibliography

numerals
till

the

end

will
of

start

with

the

the

paper,

i.e,
55

Research Methodology
Style and Form
3.Text
All Sections, sub-Sections of the paper will
constitute the main text (or main body of the
paper). This is merely for the purpose of
classification. Otherwise, Introduction is also
part of the text.

The text must have a coherent structure and

development and must build your arguments,
supported by facts, around your Statement of
the Problem

56

Text must have organizational balance between

Research Methodology
Style and Form
4.Conclusion and Recommendations
The Conclusion must clearly demonstrate that
an

answer/s

to

hypothesis/hypotheses

the

question/s

formulated

in

or
the

Statement of Problem has been found.

It must bring the whole discussion to a

logical end.

It must summarize the main findings of

the study

57

Research Methodology
Style and Form
The Recommendations

should

be

based on a careful assessment of the ideas and

data used in the study (and not outside it)

The

Recommendations

should

be

substantive, realistic, and practical

Should not be a wish list

Poor recommendations mar the quality

of otherwise good research paper
58

Research Methodology
Style and Form
5.

Notes and Bibliography

Notes

and

Bibliography

must

strictly

follow the Turabian/Chicago Manual of

Style this is the adopted Style of the
National Management College

Note: Notes,
endnotes,

whether
should

footnotes
be

or

numbered

consecutively for the whole paper

59

Research Methodology
Style and Form
Spatial Arrangements
Suggested space for different parts of the
paper is as follows:
1.

Introduction

Introductory

to

all
the

of

it,

starting

Outline

of

the

from

the

paper

Approx. 15-20%
2.

Text Sections and sub-Sections Approx. 6065%

3.

Conclusion and recommendations Approx. 10%

(More space for the Conclusion)

4.

60

Notes and Bibliography As required. Preferably

Research Methodology
Style and Form
Composition: Font and Spacing

Standard Font Type is Times New Roman,

and font size is 12, with 1.5 spacing for
the text (normally, it is double-spaced)

Notes

font

size

is

10

(footnotes

or

endnotes) and should be single-spaced

Bibliography font size is 10 and should

be single-spaced
61

Research Methodology
Style and Form

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION

Page number?
-------

Statement of the Problem

Significance and Scope of the
Study
Review of the Literature
Methods
Outline
---------

SECTION-1

Title

62

Research Methodology
Style and Form
Page number?
SECTION- 1

Title

----------

SECTION 2

Title

----------

SECTION 3

Title

-----------

CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

----------

BIBLIOGRAPHY

----------63

Notes and Bibliography

(N & B)
Notes (Footnotes and Endnotes):

Required to cite sources of data

To give credit where it rightfully
belongs
To furnish an opportunity to
readers and researchers to access
those sources for verification
To
provide
basis
for
further
research and analysis
64

Use of Notes:

Notes are an important source for

the facts or interpretation of facts
Notes may indicate a similar
position of another writer
Notes may suggest a different
(indeed
opposite)
position
of
another writer
Notes may explain or elaborate the
discussion given in the text
Notes
may
suggest
further
avenues for research on the
subject
65

Turabian: Notes and

Bibliography (N and B)
Turabian: Notes and Bibliography (N
and B)
3.1 Books
1) Book, with a single author:
Note(N)
Mohammad Ali, National Integration
(Karachi: Publishing House, 1999), 1112.
Bibliography (B)
Ali, Mohammad. National Integration.

66

Book, with two authors:

N.

Mohammad Ali and Abdul Hamid,

National Integration in Pakistan
(Karachi: Publishing House, 2001), 21.

B.

Ali, Mohammad, and Abdul Hamid.

National Integration in Pakistan.
Karachi: Publishing House, 2001.

67

Book, with three authors:

N.

Mohammad Ali, Abdul Hamid, and

Naseem Ahmad, National Integration in
Pakistan and the Role of Political
Leadership (Karachi: Publishing House,
2003), 42.

B.

Ali, Mohammad, Abdul Hamid, and

Naseem Ahmad. National Integration in
Pakistan and the Role of Political
Leadership. Karachi: Publishing House,
2003.
68

Book, with more than three authors:

N.

Mohammad Ali et.al., National

Integration in Pakistan and the Role of
Political Leadership in Provinces
(Karachi: Publishing House, 2005), 59.

B.

Ali, Mohammad, Abdul Hamid, Naseem

Ahmad, and Sultan Mahmood, eds.
National Integration in Pakistan and the
Role of Political Leadership in Provinces.
Karachi: Publishing House, 2005.
69

Book, no author given:

N.
B.

National Integration (Karachi:

Publishing House, 1999), 23.
National Integration. Karachi:
Publishing House, 1999.

Book, no author given, but name supplied:

N.
B.

[Mohammad Ali], National Integration

(Karachi: Publishing House, 1999), 51.
[Ali, Mohammad]. National Integration.
Karachi: Publishing House, 1999.
70

Editor or Compiler of a book as author:

N.

Mohammad Ali, ed., National

Integration (Karachi: Publishing
House, 1999), 87.

B.

Ali, Mohammad, ed. National

Integration. Karachi: Publishing
House, 1999.
71

Book, with authors work translated or edited

by another:
N.

Mohammad Ali, National Integration,

trans. (or ed. as the case may be) Javed
Akhtar (Karachi: Publishing House,
2000), 63.

B.

Ali, Mohammad. National Integration.

Translated (or Edited by, as the case
may be) by Javed Akhtar. Karachi:
Publishing House, 2000.
72

Book, with named author of Introduction,

Preface, or Foreword:
N.

Mohammad Ali, National Integration,

with a Foreword by A.B. Qureshi
(Karachi: Publishing House, 2002), 33.

B.

Ali, Mohammad. National Integration.

With a Foreword by A.B. Qureshi.
Karachi: Publishing House, 2002.

73

Book, with a single chapter in an Edited Book:

N.

Mohammad Ali, National Integration in

Pakistan, in Nation-Building in South
Asia, ed. Zia-ur-Rahman (Lahore:
Academic Publishers, 2004), 121.

B.

Ali, Mohammad. National Integration in

Pakistan. In Nation-Building in South
Asia, edited by Zia-ur-Rahman, 115-45.
Lahore: Academic Publishers, 2004.
74

Book, with an edition number:

N. Mohammad Ali, National Integration,
2nd ed. (Karachi: Publishing House,
1999), 79.
B. Ali, Mohammad. National Integration.
2nd ed. Karachi Publishing House, 1999.

75

3.2

Article in a Journal:

N.

Mohammad Ali, Problems and

Prospects of National Integration in
Pakistan, Pakistan Journal 16, no.2
(June 2005): 191.

B.

Ali, Mohammad. Problems and

Prospects of National Integration in
Pakistan. Pakistan Journal 16, no.2
(June 2005): 184-203.

76

Article in a Journal Online:

N.
Abdul Waheed, Revival of Drama,
Journal of Sociology 44, no.3 (May 2007),
under Social Drama,
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/js/jour
nal/issues/v44n3/ 050199/050199.html
(accessed 12 August 2008).
B.

Waheed, Abdul. Revival of Drama.

Journal of Sociology 44, no.3 (May 2007).
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/js/journa
l/
issues/v44n3/050199/050199. html
(accessed 12 August 2008).
77

3.3

Article in a Magazine:

N.

Mohammad Ali, Reflections on National

Integration in Pakistan, Pakistan
Magazine, 16 November 2006, 37.

B.

Ali, Mohammad. Reflections on National

Integration in Pakistan. Pakistan
Magazine, 16 November 2006.

78

3.4

Article in a newspaper:

N.

Amjad Hussain, Who gets what?.

Daily Report, 28 August 2006.

B.

Hussain, Amjad, Who gets what?.

Daily Report, 28 August 2006.

79

Letters to the Editor:

N.
Imran Shah, letter to the editor, Daily Report,
29 July, 2008.
B.
Shah, Imran. Letter to the editor. Daily
Report, 29 July, 2008.
Editorial:

N. Editorial, Daily Report, 30 December, 2009.

B. Editorial. Daily Report. 30 December, 2009.

Please note: In most cases, articles and other

pieces from the newspapers are only
cited in the footnotes/endnotes.

Omit the initial, The, in the name of

the newspapers.

80

3.5

Article in an Encyclopedia (signed):

N.

Shahid Bashir and Sohail Saif, eds.

Encyclopedia of Life (Islamabad: Select
Publishers, 1998), s.v. Integration, by
Mohammad Ali.

B.

Bashir, Shahid, and Sohail Saif, eds.

Encyclopedia of Life. Islamabad: Select
Publishers, 1998. S.v. Integration by
Mohammad Ali.

81

Article in an Encyclopedia (unsigned):

N. Encyclopedia of Life, 6th ed., s.v. Integration.
O. Encyclopedia of Life, 6th ed. S.v. Integration.
Please note: Well known reference works like
encyclopedias are cited only in notes
(and not in bibliography).

82

3.6

Interview, published:

N.

Saleem Ahmad, A Conversation with Saleem

Ahmad, interview by Jamshed Alam
(Faisalabad, 15 July 2006), Recall, no. 71-72
(Fall 1971- Winter 1972): 189.

B.

Ahmad, Saleem. A Conversation with Saleem

Ahmad. Interview by Jamshed Alam
(Faisalabad, 15 July 2006). Recall, no. 71-72
(Fall 1971 Winter 1972): 180-201.

83

Interview, unpublished:
N.

Saeed Akbar, Interview by Azhar Mahmood, 21

March 2005, interview 16 A, transcript, Azeem
Oral History Collection, National Library of
Research, Multan.
Akbar, Saeed. Interview by Azhar Mahmood, 21
March 2005. Interview 15 A, transcript. Azeem
Oral History Collection, National Library of
Research, Multan.

84

Interview, unpublished by the writer of a research paper:

N.

Mayor Abdullah Jan of Quetta, interview by author, 17

October 1996, Quetta.
Or if tape or transcript available:
Mayor Abdullah Jan of Quetta, interview by author, 17
October 1996, Queta, tape recording, Philosophical
Society, Quetta.

B.

Jan, Abdullah, Mayor of Quetta. Interview by author, 17

October 1996, Quetta. Tape recording. Philosophical
Society, Quetta.

85

Please note: Unpublished interviews, including those

conducted by the author, should usually
be cited only in footnotes/endnotes. In
Bibliography, those interviews may be
listed that are either critically important
to your argument/s or are frequently
cited.

86

3.7

Public Documents (Official Record):

N.

Securities and Exchange Commission, Annual Report

(Rawalpindi: Official Printers, 1997), 51.

B.

Government of Pakistan. Securities and Exchange

Commission. Annual Report. Rawalpindi: Official Printers,
1997.

87

N.

Population Census Report, 1981 (Karachi: Printing Press, 1982), 43.

B.

Government of Pakistan. Population Census Organization, Statistic

Division. Population Census Report. Karachi: Printing Press, 1982.

88

N.

B.

State Department, Foreign Relations of the United States,

1962-1965, Vol. X (Washington DC.: Government Printing
Office, 1996), 31.
U.S. Government. State Department. Foreign Relations of
the United States, 1960-65, Vol. X. Washington D.C.:
Government Printing Office, 1996.

89

N.

B.

Food and Drug Administration, FDA and Medical

Products (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office,
1996), 212.
U.S. Government. Food and Drug Administration. FDA
and Medical Products. Washington D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1996.

90

N.

B.

Report of the Committee on Financial Institutions

to the President of the United States, by Walter
Reed, Chairman (Washington D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1965), 18.
Report of the Committee on Financial Institutions to
the President of the United States. By Walter Reed,
Chairman. Washington D.C.: Government Printing
Office, 1965.

91

Online Public Documents:

N.

B.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance

Coverage in the United States, 2004, under Ratio of Income to Poverty
level, http://www.census.gov/prod/ 2005pubs/ p60-229.pdf(accessed 19
December, 2005).
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance
Coverage
in
the
United
States,
2004.
http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf
(accessed
19
December, 2005).

92

Please note: A URL is not enough. You should provide as much

information as possible. The URL can change. In
case, page numbers are not given, a descriptive
locator (such as a subheading) should follow the
word under, before the URL and access date.

93

3.8
N.

B.

Published Proceedings, author and editor named:

S. M. Habib, The Scope of Happiness, in Challenge of
The 21st Century: Proceedings of the Forty-third
Conference held in Lahore 15-23 May 2005, ed. Abdul
Jabbar (Lahore: Fine Arts Publishers, 2001), 11.
Habib, S.M. The Scope of Happiness. In the Challenge
of 21st Century: Proceedings of the Forty-third
Conference held in Lahore 15-23 May 2005, edited by
Abdul Jabbar, 7-20. Lahore: Fine Arts Publishers 2001.

94

Authored article within proceedings published by an institution,

association, etc:
N.

S.M. Habib, The Scope of Happiness, in the Challenge of

21st Century: Proceedings of the Forty-third Conference held
in Lahore, 15-23 May 2005, by the Country Tourism Board
(Lahore: Country Tourism Board, 2005), 11.

B.

Habib, S.M. The Scope of Happiness. In The Challenge of

21st Century: Proceedings of the Forty-third Conference held
in Lahore, 15-23 May, 2005, by the Country Tourism Board.
Lahore: Country Tourism Board, 2005, 9-19.

95

3.9 Lectures and Papers presented at Meetings:

N. Mohammad Afzal, Lawyers and the Lawyers Movement
(lecture, High Court Bar Association, Lahore, 12 February, 2005).
B. Afzal, Mohammad, Lawyers and the Lawyers Movement.
Lecture, High Court Bar Association, Lahore, 12 February, 2005.

96

3.10

Thesis or dissertation:

N.

Asim Sharif, Political Leadership in Pakistan (Ph.D.

diss., University of the Punjab, Lahore, 1991), 27.

B.

Sharif, Asim. Political Leadership in Pakistan. Ph.D.

diss., University of the Punjab, Lahore, 1991.

97

3.11

Internet (NET):

Website:

N.
Public Schools Board of Trustees, Public Schools Board Development
Plan, 2000-2010, Public Schools Authority, http:// www.psa.
org/schools/development-plan-oo.html (accessed 13 May, 2008).

B.
Public Schools Board of Trustees. Public Schools Board Development
Plan, 2000-2010. Public Schools Authority. http://
www.psa. org/schools/development-plan-oo.html (accessed 13 May,
2008).

98

Web Page:

National Park Service. Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National

Historic Site. [updated 9 January 2006; cited 14 February 2006].
Available from http://www.nps.gov/abli/

99

Important Note: As you may have already noticed from the above
listing,
all
books,
journals,
magazines,
newspapers, etc. need to be italicized.

Article titles in journals, magazines, newspapers,

etc or chapters in books need to be placed in
roman type and quotation marks. This is an
important distinction and must always be kept in mind
while writing Notes and Bibliography.

Please note that titles of all unpublished works

should also be given in roman type, enclosed in
quotation marks and not italicized.

100

Bibliography
Primary Sources

Unpublished
Published

Secondary Sources

Books
Journals
Magazines
Newspapers
NET
Interviews

101