Digital Signal Processing

BITS Pilani
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad

Date : 31/08/2015

BITS Pilani
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad

Previous class:
Z-Transforms

BITS Pilani
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad

Today class:
Z Transforms
Filter Specifications

Z Transforms

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Digital Signal Processing

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

ZTransforms

Laplace-Transforms
For a stable LTI continuous
time
causal system, the poles
should lie on
the left half of s-plane and
the
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Digital Signal Processing

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

ZTransforms

For a stable LTI discrete time

system,
the poles should lie inside
the unit
circle and the unit circle
should be
included in the ROC
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Digital Signal Processing

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Fourier
Transform

X (e )

x ( n)e

j n

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Digital Signal Processing

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

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Digital Signal Processing

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Fourier
Fourier Transform
Transform is
is to
to evaluate
evaluate zztransform
transform on
on aa unit
unit circle.
circle.
Im

z = ej

Re

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Digital Signal Processing

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

ZTransforms

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

P( z )
H ( z)
Q( z )

where P(z) and Q(z)

are polynomials in z.

Zeros: The values of zs such that H(z) = 0

Poles: The values of zs such that H(z) =

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

ZTransforms

Find ROC and examine whether

the system is stable or not
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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

A right sided Sequence

x ( n) a n u ( n)

x(n)
...
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Digital Signal Processing

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

 An infinite geometric series

r
n 0

converges
only if
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1 r
r 1

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

ZTransforms

x ( n) a u[ n]
n

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1
X ( z)
1
1 az

Digital Signal Processing

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

A left sided Sequence

x(n) b n u (n 1)

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

...

x(n)

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Find ROC and examine whether

the system is stable or not
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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Solution
X ( z)

n
n

b
z

n
n

b
z

n 1

b
n 1

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4-3 -2 -1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

...

x(n)
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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

n 0

1 b
n 0

For the series to be

converged

b 1 z 1

1
1
1 b 1 z
1

1 bz 1
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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

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Digital Signal Processing

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Causal Signal

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Anticausal signal

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Non Causal signal

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Example

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

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System Stability
Position of the poles affects system stability
The position of zeroes does not

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

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Example 1
A system is described by the following
equation:
y(n)=0.5x(n) + 0.2x(n-1) + 0.1y(n-1)
Plot the systems transfer function on the z
plane
Is the system stable?
Plot the systems unit step response
Plot the systems unit impulse response

Inverse Z-Transforms
(1) Partial Fraction Method
(2) Long Division Method

Example
(1)Obtain IZT using
(a) Partial Fraction Method
(b) Long Division Method
z2
x( z )
2
( z 0.8 z 0.12)

Inverse ZTransforms
z2
x( z )
( z 2 0.8 z 0.12)

z2
x( z )
( z 0.6)( z 0.2)

x( z )
z

z
( z 0.6)( z 0.2)
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Inverse Z-Transforms Partial

Fraction Method
x( z )
z
A1
A2

z
( z 0.6)( z 0.2)
( z 0.6)
( z 0.2)
x( z )
A1 ( z 0.6)
z

z 0.6

z
A1 ( z 0.6)
( z 0.6)( z 0.2)

z 0 .6

0.6
A1
1.5
0.6 0.2
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x( z )
A2 ( z 0.2)
z

0.5
z 0 .2

x( z )
1.5
0.5

z
( z 0.6)
( z 0.2)

1. 5 z
0.5 z
x( z )

( z 0.6)
( z 0.2)

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x ( n) 1.5(0.6) u[ n] 0.5(0.2) u[ n]
n

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Exampl
e
(1)Obtain IZT using Long
Division Method

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Solutio
n

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(2
)

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Inverse ZTransforms
z2
x( z )
( z 2 z 0.5)

Digital Signal Processing

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An
s
(0.5 j 0.5) z
(0.5 j 0.5) z
x( z )

z 0 .5 j 0 . 5
z 0.5 j 0.5

On taking inverse ZTransform

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x ( n) 0.5 j 0.5 0.5 j 0.5 u[ n]

n

0.5 j 0.5 0.5 j 0.5 u[ n]

n

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