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THYROID
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THYROID
Normally weighs between 20 and 30 g.
Follicle is the functional unit of the thyroid
composed of an epithelium-lined sac filled with
colloid stores thyroid hormones in the form of
thyroglobulin T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine) regulated by TSH
Serum T4 and T3 are bound to thyroid-binding
globulin (TBG)
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Pathology of
of the
the thyroid
thyroid
Pathology
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
HYPOTHYROIDISM
HYPERTHYROIDISM
THYROIDITIS
BENIGN TUMORS (ADENOMAS)
MALIGNANT TUMORS
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Colloid Goiter
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Pathology of thyroid
C. HYPOTHYROIDISM
Clinical syndromes
Hypothyroidism is manifest as Myxedema in
adults or as Cretinism in children
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Non-toxic goiter
Irregular
nodules
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Marked variation in the size of follicles
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The gland is coarsely nodular and contains areas of fibrosis and cystic change.
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Graves Disease
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Pathology of thyroid
HYPERTHYROIDISM
(THYROTOXICOSIS)
B. Graves Disease
General Charcteristics
1. Hyperthyroidism caused by diffuse toxic goiter
2. Associated with striking exophthalmos autoimmune?
3. More in women
4. incidence increased in HLA-DR3 and HLA-B8 positive individual
Mechanism
1. Thyroid-stimulating-immunoglobulin (TSI) reacts with TSH
receptors stimulates thyroid hormone production
2. Thyroid-growth-immunoglobulin (TGI) stimulates glandular
hyperplasia and enlargement
3. Antimicrosomal and other autoantibodies are characteristic
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Thyroid mass
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Major clinical
manifestations
of
Graves disease
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Graves Disease
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THYROIDITIS
Inflammation of the thyroid gland
(encompasses a heterogenous group of inflammatory disorders of the
thyroid gland, including those that are caused by autoimmune
mechanisms and infectious agents)
A. Acute suppurative thyroiditis: a bacterial infection,
usually occurs in young children or debilitated patients. It is rare
B. Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (De Quervain thyroiditis)
C. Chronic thyroiditis (Hashimoto thyroiditis, Struma lymphomatosa,
autoimmune thyroiditis)
D. Riedels struma (Riedels disease)
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Hashimoto Thyroiditis
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BENIGN TUMORS
(ADENOMAS)
Are most often solitary
Present clinically as nodules
Can occur in a variety of histologic
pattern (follicular, Hurthle cell)
Are most often nonfunctional but can
occasionally cause hyperthyroidism
Female:male is 7:1
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FOLLICULAR ADENOMA
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Embryonal adenoma
Fetal adenoma
Simple adenoma
Colloid adenoma
Hurthel cell adenoma
Atypical adenoma
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Follicular adenoma
Embryonal adenoma
Follicular Adenoma
COLLOID ADENOMA
The cut surface of an encapsulated mass reveals:
Hemorrhage
Fibrosis
Cystic change
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Follicular Adenoma
Cystic
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Follicular Adenoma
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Follicular adenoma
FETAL ADENOMA
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Follicular adenoma
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MALIGNANT TUMORS
Papillary Carcinoma
Follicular Carcinoma
Medullary Carcinoma
Anaplastic Carcinoma
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G. MALIGNANT TUMORS
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G. MALIGNANT TUMORS
FNAB
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G. MALIGNANT TUMORS
Papillary
Thyroid
Carcinoma
(PTC)
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Well-formed papillae
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G. MALIGNANT TUMORS
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G. MALIGNANT TUMORS
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G. MALIGNANT TUMORS
ADENOMA
CARCINOMA
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G. MALIGNANT TUMORS
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Clinical Features
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G. MALIGNANT TUMORS:
Medullary Carcinoma
G. MALIGNANT TUMORS:
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G. MALIGNANT TUMORS:
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G. MALIGNANT TUMORS:
Medullary Carcinoma
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G. MALIGNANT TUMORS:
G. MALIGNANT TUMORS:
Anaplastic Carcinoma
The tumor is composed of bizarre spindle and giant cells with numerous mitoses
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PARATHYROID
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PARATHYROID
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
Surgically induced
Congenital absence of all glands
Pimary (idiopathic) atrophy of the glands
autoimmune disease
Familial hypoparathyroidism
PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM
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HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenoma 75 to 80%
Primary hyperplasia (diffuse or nodular) 10 to 15 %
Parathyroid carcinoma less than 5 %
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
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PARATHYROID
GLAND
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PARATHYROID GLAND
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PARATHYROID ADENOMA
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PARATHYROID
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PARATHYROID
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PARATHYROID
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PARATHYROID
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PARATHYROID CARCINOMA
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PARATHYROID CARCINOMA
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PARATHYROID
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PARATHYROID
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PARATHYROID
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Adrenal glands
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Adrenal glands
CORTEX
- Hypercorticism / Cushing syndrome
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Adrenal virilism
- Hypocorticism
MEDULLA
- Pheochromocytoma
- Medulloblastoma
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ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERPLASIA
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Adrenal virilism
(adrenogenital syndrome)
Causes
a. Congenital enzyme defect result in deminished
corticol production and compensatory increased
ACTH, with resultant adrenal hyperplasia with
androgenic steroid production
(1) 21- hydroxylase deficiency most common
result in salt loss and hypotension
(2) 11- hydroxylase deficiency less common
results in salt retention and hypertension
b. Tumor of the adrenal cortex
Clinical characteristic:
- produces virilism in females and precocious puberty
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in males
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THE ADRENAL
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Adrenal Oncocytoma
A. HE staining
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B. Antimitochondrial immnostaining
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Immunohistochemical reactivity of
adrena cortical neoplasia
Inhibin
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Immunohistochemical reactivity of
adrenal cortical neoplasia
Aloz
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Immunohistochemical reactivity of
adrenal cortical neoplasia
Melan-A
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Aldosterone-secreting Adrenal
Cortical Adenoma
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Aldosterone-secreting Adrenal
Cortical Adenoma
ADRENAL NEUROBLASTOMA
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Adrenal Neuroblastoma
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Adrenal Neuroblastoma
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Adrenal Neuroblastoma
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Adrenal Pheochromocytoma
Variegated appearance
The tumor was fixed with Zenker fluid
and has acquired the typical
dark brown color
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Adrenal Pheochromocytoma
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Adrenal Pheochromocytoma
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Pituitary Gland
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pituitary gland
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pituitary gland
The neurohypophysis shown here resembles neural tissue, with glial cells,
nerve fibers, nerve endings, and intra-axonal neurosecretory granules. The
hormones vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, or ADH) and oxytocin made in the
hypothalamus (supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei) are transported into the
intra-axonal neurosecretory granules where they are released.
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adenohypophysis
A simplistic classification is as follows:
The pink acidophils secrete growth hormone
(GH) and prolactin (PRL)
The dark purple basophils secrete corticotrophin
(ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and
gonadotrophins follicle stimulating hormoneluteinizing hormone (FSH and LH)
The pale staining chromophobes have few
cytoplasmic granules, but may have secretory
activity.
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Pituitary Neoplasma
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a pituitary adenoma
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A pituitary adenoma
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Endocrine Pancreas
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Cell
Secretory
Product
Mol.
Wt.
Physiological Action
Glucagon
3500
Beta
Insulin
6000
Delta
D
Somatostatin
1600
Delta
D1
Vasoactive Intestinal
Polypeptide (VIP)
3800
PP
Human pancreatic
polypeptide (ppp)
4300
EC
Serotonin, substance
P (motilin)
176
Alpha
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108
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G-cell tumor
VIP-producing tumors
111
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115
G-cell tumor
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