Welcome to the Session

Of

Statistics
Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid

Bangladesh Institute of Management (BIM)

March 11, 2015
Dr.. Md. Mamunur Rashid, www.bim.org.bd, 2014

Introduction to Statistics

and Scope
Source and Types of Data
Collection of Data

Definition

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Introduction to Statistics

and Scope
Source and Types of Data
Collection of Data

Definition

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Definition of Statistics
Statistics is a systematic collection,
interpretation, and analysis of data to answer to
question or to solve a problem.
Statistics may be called the science of counting.
Statistics may be called as science of average.
Statistics is the science of estimates and
probabilities.

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Characteristics of statistics
Statistics are aggregate of facts
Statistics are affected to a marked extent by
multiplicity of causes
Statistics are numerically expressed
Statistics are enumerated or estimated according to
reasonable standards of accuracy.
Statistics are collected in a systematic manner.
Statistics are collected for a predetermined purpose.
Statistics should be placed in relation to each other.

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Division of Statistics

Descriptive
Inferential Statistics

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Division of Statistics
Descriptive statistics is the discipline of quantitatively describing the main features of
a collection of information, or the quantitative description itself.
Measures of central tendency include the mean, median and mode, while measures of
variability include the standard deviation (or variance), the minimum and maximum
values of the variables, kurtosis and skewness.

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Division of Statistics

Inferential statistics is concerned with making predictions or inferences about a

population from observations and analyses of a sample. to draw conclusions from
datasets arising from systems affected by random variation, such as observational
errors, random sampling, or random experimentation and A Chi-square or T-test.

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Introduction to Statistics
and Types of Data
There are mainly four types of statistical data:
Primary statistical data
Secondary statistical data
Qualitative statistical data
Quantitative statistical data.

Source

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Introduction to Statistics
Collection

of Data
Data can be obtained from three important source

Secondary Source
Internal Records
Primary Source

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Procedure of Decisionmaking
through Statistics
Statisticsmay
maybe
bedefined
defined
Statistics
asthe
thescience
scienceof
of
as
collection
collection

analysis
analysis

organization
organization

Interpretationof
of
Interpretation
numericaldata
data
numerical

presentation
presentation
Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Limitations of Statistics
The following are the important limitations
of the science of statistics:
Statistics does not deal with isolated measurement.
Statistics deals only with quantitative characteristics
Statistical results are true only on an average.
Statistics is only a means.
Statistics can be misused.

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Functions of Statistics :
presents facts in a definite form.
It simplifies mass of figures.
It facilitates comparison.
It
helps in formulating and testing
hypothesis.
It helps in prediction.
It helps in the formulation of suitable
policies.

It

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Scope to Statistics
apply statistical thinking and methods to a wide variety of
scientific, social, and business endeavors in such areas as astronomy,
biology, education, economics, engineering, genetics, marketing,
medicine, psychology, public health, sports, among many. "The best
thing about being a statistician is that you get to play in everyone
else's backyard." (John Tukey, Bell Labs, Princeton University)

Statisticians

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Stages of Generating
Variables
Determining Problem
Setting Objectives- Major Objective (only one) Specific Objectives (one
or more)
From specific objectives we generate variables.

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Types of Variables

Variable that can take more than one value.

A variable is a characteristic of a person, object or phenomenon that can take different value.
The values of variable can be expressed in numbers. These are called Numerical variable.
The values of variable can also be expressed in categories. Then these are called Categorical Variables.
Variable is some indicator, which can vary on situation.
Variable must be expressed in quantifiable form.
Some variables we can generally express in quantifiable form i.e. income, age, number of car, height etc.
Some variables are qualitative variable.

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
There is no fundamental rule that some variables are dependent and some variables are independent.
Dependent: Variable cannot vary itself.
An Independent variable can vary by itself.
Exogenous Variable/Explicit (Outside): Values of Variable determined outside the model e.g. taxes, money supply, interest rate etc.
Endogenous Variable/Implicit (Inside): Values of variables are determined within the model e.g. inflation rate, profit, income, sex, age.

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Types of Variables

Random Variable:
Values of variable cannot be determined till the occurrence of event is over. (Unemployment rate, rainfall, GDP)
Random variable: 1. Discrete 2. Continuous.
Qualitative variable: Job satisfaction
Directly observable variable:
Constructed variable
Dichotomous variable
Unidimentional variable i.e. Height
Multidimentional Variable i.e. stress.

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Types of Variables

Presentation of Data
Frequency
Tables
Chart
Diagram

Pie

Chart

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

distribution

Introduction to Statistics

and Scope
Source and Type of Data
Collection of Data

Definition

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

OVERVIEW OF DATA COLLECTION

TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS

collection techniques allow is to systematically collect information about

our objects of study (people, objects, and phenomena) and about the settings in
which they occur.

Data

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Introduction to Statistics
Collection

of Data
Data can be obtained from three important source

Secondary Source
Internal Records
Primary Source

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

 Using

Available Information

Usually

there is a large body of data already collected

by others, although, it may not necessary have been
analyzed or published. Locating sources and retrieving
the information is a good starting point in any data
collection effort. The data can be of quantitative (for
example, data from statistics) or of qualitative nature.

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Observation
Observation
is a technique that involves
systematically selecting, watching, and recording
behavior and characteristics of living beings, objects,
or phenomena.

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Sampling Techniques
Probability
Non-probability Sampling

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Collections of
Information
or Census Method
Sampling Method/Techniques

Survey

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Survey Method

can be obtained for each

and every unit.
Greater Accuracy

Information

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Sampling Techniques

is only a tool which helps

to know the characteristics of the
universe or population by examining
only a small part of it.

Sampling

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Methods of Sampling
sampling method

Simple Random Sampling

Stratified Sampling

Systematic Sampling

Multi-stage Sampling
Non-random sampling methods

Judgment Sampling

Quota Sampling

Convenience Sampling

Random

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Methods of Sampling
Random

sampling method
Simple Random Sampling
Method
Table of Random Numbers

Lottery

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Methods of Sampling
Random

sampling method
Simple Random Sampling
Stratified Sampling
The process of stratification requires that the population may be divided
into homogeneous groups or classes called strata / stratum.
Then a sample may be taken from each group by simple random method.

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Methods of Sampling
Random

sampling method
Simple Random Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Systematic Sampling
A complete list of the population from which sampling is to be
drawn available.

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Methods of Sampling
Random

sampling method
Simple Random Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Multi-stage Sampling
A sampling procedure which is carried out in several stages.

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Methods of Sampling
sampling method

Simple Random Sampling

Stratified Sampling

Systematic Sampling

Multi-stage Sampling
Non-random sampling methods

Judgment Sampling

Quota Sampling

Convenience Sampling

Random

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Presentation of Data
Frequency
Tables
Chart
Diagram

Pie

Chart

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

distribution

Measures of Central Tendency

Mean
Median

Mode

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Measures of Dispersion

Range
Mean deviation
Standard deviation

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Index Number

Index
Cost of living Index

Price

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Correlation & Regression

Analysis
Concept
Simple
Co-efficient

Rank

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Probability
Axioms
Sample Space Event
Law of Probability
Types of Probability
Probability Distribution

Probability

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Test of Hypothesis

T-test
Z-Test

SPSS Software

Dr. Md. Mamunur Rashid, 2014

Thank You for Your Time.