Course Content

Radio Resource Management Overview

Parameter Configuration
Common Channels & Power Control
Load Control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduling incl. HSDPA
Handover Control
Resource Manager

2006 Nokia

13-468777 v1.0

Module Objectives

At the end of the module you will be able to:

Describe the purpose of RRM
List the RRM functional entities
Describe the purpose of each of the RRM functional entities
Identify the location of RRM entities
Identify relationships between RRM entities
Describe the Nokia RAN parameter database structure

Radio Resource Management Overview

Introduction
Load Control (LC)
Admission Control (AC)
Packet Scheduler (PS) incl. HSDPA
Power Control (PC)
Handover Control (HC)
Resource Manager (RM)

Radio Resource Management

adio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for optim

utilisation of the air interface resources
Target for RRM is to ensure the RAN offers:
The planned coverage for each targeted service
High capacity i.e. low blocking (new calls, handovers)
The required Quality of Service (QoS)
Optimize the use of available capacity (priorities)
By continuously monitoring/adjusting how the available resources are used in
accordance
with user requests

Link Quality

Cell Capacity

RRM

Cell Coverage

RRM Tasks
RRM must be able to:

Perform appropriate actions (e.g. new

call admissions, bitrate
increase/decrease etc.) in accordance
with prevailing load conditions
Provide different quality of service for
real time (RT) and non-real time (NRT)
users

Overload

Overload Margin

Load Target

Power

Predict the impact on interference

(power) of the admitting a new user for
UL & DL

Time
Estimated
capacity for
NRT
trafficload
Measured
caused
by non-controllable
load (RT)

Take appropriate corrective action when

the different cell load thresholds are
exceeded in order to maintain cell
stability (i.e. load control)
RT services must have higher quality assurance
than NRT

RRM Functional Split

RRM is made up of a number of closely interdependent functions (i.e.
algorithms)
These functions can be divided into;

Cell Based

LC

Load control (LC)

RM

Admission control (AC)

Packet scheduling (PS)
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
Resource manager (RM)

Connection Based

PS
AC

Cell based functions

PC
HC

Handover control (HC)

Power control (PC)

Connection based functions

Radio Resource Management Overview

Introduction
Load Control (LC)
Admission Control (AC)
Packet Scheduler (PS) incl. HSDPA
Power Control (PC)
Handover Control (HC)
Resource Manager (RM)

Load control States

The load control function within RRM can be divided:
Preventative load control (e.g. congestion)
Overload control (e.g. dropping of calls in worst case)

Preventative actions are performed before the cell is overloaded

(threshold y)
Overload actions are performed after cell is overloaded (threshold x)
RNP parameters define the thresholds for the RRM functionalities
The thresholds define a stable functionality within a cell and with
surrounding cells
Overload Control

Preventative Load Control

Estimated capacity for

NRT traffic.

Power

Overload
threshold x
Load Target
threshold y

Time

Measured load caused

by non-controllable load
(RT)

Load Control
Load change
info

Load
status

AC

NRT load
PS
LC

LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS

Updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC and PS
Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;
Interference levels
BTS power levels
Non-controllable load

Radio Resource Management Overview

Introduction
Load Control (LC)
Admission Control (AC)
Packet Scheduler (PS) incl. HSDPA
Power Control (PC)
Handover Control (HC)
Resource Manager (RM)

Admission Control
Responsible for maximising capacity (throughput) whilst providing the required
quality of service for RT traffic.
Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage or quality
of existing connections
Determines whether RABs can be admitted to the RAN
Handles RT RABs alone by estimating the increase in non-controllable load
With PS decides whether to allocate resources to NRT RABs
In the decision UL interference & DL power measurements by BTS are used

Provides RLC parameters to PS for NRT users, for example

Bearer class
Transport Formats

AC sets quality and power parameters for the radio link, for example
UL/DL BLER, Eb/No targets, SIR target
Initial DL transmission power

Admission Control
In uplink the total received wideband interference power measured indicates
the traffic load of the radio resources .
UL interference power

PrxTotal
Prx_target_BS
Marginal load area

RNP
decision
thresholds

Prx_target

Planned load area

Load

For downlink the power change caused by new RT service is obtained from
the maximum allowed DL transmission power for the service.
In the admission decision procedure new call (or modified existing call) is
admitted if both UL and DL admission decisions are passed

Radio Resource Management Overview

Introduction
Load Control (LC)
Admission Control (AC)
Packet Scheduler (PS) incl. HSDPA
Power Control (PC)
Handover Control (HC)
Resource Manager (RM)

Packet Scheduler in RNC

Responsible for scheduling radio
resources for both UL and DL
NRT RABs
Scheduling period
RNP parameters

defined

power
Overload threshold
Target threshold

by

PS
relies
on
up-to-date
information from AC and LC

Total Load
controllable load
non-controllable load

Capacity allocated on a needs

time
basis using best effort approach
PS allocation times need to be fast to accommodate changing
conditions & accurate (up-to-date load info)

Capacity requests sent via traffic volume measurement reports

(governed by RNP parameters)
PS comprises two parts: UE specific & Cell specific

HSDPA - general principle

Channel quality
(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2

1 6 Q A M 3 /4

Data

20

40

60

80

Tim e [n u m b e r o f TTIs ]

100

120

140

160

1 6 Q A M 2 /4
Q P S K 3 /4
Q P S K 2 /4

UE1

Q P S K 1 /4

Channel quality
(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)

UE2

Data

New
Newbase
basestation
stationfunctions
functions
HARQ
HARQretransmissions
retransmissions
Modulation/coding
Modulation/codingselection
selection
Packet
Packetdata
datascheduling
scheduling(short
(shortTTI)
TTI

Users may be time and/or code multiplexed

Fast scheduling is done directly in Node-B based on feedback
information from UE and knowledge of current traffic state.

Radio Resource Management Overview

Introduction
Load Control (LC)
Admission Control (AC)
Packet Scheduler (PS) incl. HSDPA
Power Control (PC)
Handover Control (HC)
Resource Manager (RM)

Power Control
Since WCDMA system is interference limited it is beneficial to reduce
transmission power as far as possible.
Thus, the target of power control (PC) is to achieve the minimum
signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) that is required to offer sufficient
quality of the connection.
PC works on a per-connection basis.
MS

BS

RNC

Power Control

Power Control
Load
Control

Power Control
Handover
Control
Admission
Load
Control
Control
Packet
Scheduler

Radio Resource Management Overview

Introduction
Load Control (LC)
Admission Control (AC)
Packet Scheduler (PS) incl. HSDPA
Power Control (PC)
Handover Control (HC)
Resource Manager (RM)

Handover Control (HC)

HC is responsible for
Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE move
around network
Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by
strongest cell
Soft(er) Handover

Intra-frequency

Intra-layer
Inter-layer

Intra-System

WCDMA to WCDMA

Inter-frequency
Hard Handover
Intra-frequency

Inter-System
(Inter-RAT)

WCDMA to GSM
WCDMA to GPRS
GSM to WCDMA
GPRS to WCDMA

Intra-layer
Inter-layer
Intra-layer
Inter-layer

Requires
Compressed
Mode or Dual
Receiver UE
Inter-frequency
Hard Handover

Intra-layer
Inter-layer

Radio Resource Management Overview

Introduction
Load Control (LC)
Admission Control (AC)
Packet Scheduler (PS) incl. HSDPA
Power Control (PC)
Handover Control (HC)
Resource Manager (RM)

Resource Manager (RM)

Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in cooperation with AC and PS
On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates;
DL spreading code
UL scrambling code
Code Type
Scrambling codes

Uplink
User separation

Downlink
Cell separation

Users
within one cell
Spreading codes
Data & control channels from same
UE

Also looks after code tree management (to maintain orthogonality);

Initial code selection codes concentrated to same branch
Code re-fragmentation dynamic reallocation of codes as users enter/leave system