NPB101L Jeopardy

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Final

Lab 2 - $100

This structure consists of a motor neuron

and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

Motor Unit

Lab 2 - $200

This describes the rule in which motor

units are activated from smallest to largest

Henneman Size Principle

Lab 2 - $300

These invaginations of the muscle cell

membrane allow action potentials to
spread inward to the sarcoplasmic
reticulum

Transverse or T-tubules

Lab 2 - $400

Excitation contraction coupling for

neuronal stimulation relies on this critical
ion in both ECF and intracellular sources.

Calcium (Ca2+)

Lab 2 - $500

The paralytic effects of Tubocurare can be

circumvented by this method of
stimulation.

Direct

Lab 2 - $600

When high levels of stimulation are

achieved, this special type of summation is
observed

Tetany

Lab 2 - $700

These receptors transmit the electrical AP

into a mechanical opening of the SR,
forming a key component of excitationcontraction coupling.

Ryanodine (RyR) and Dihydropyridine

(DHPR) Receptors

Lab 3 - $100

Receptor, Integretor, and Effector are all

components of this.

Reflex Arc

Lab 3 - $200

This refers to APs traveling in their

normal (forward) direction.

Orthodromic.

Lab 3 - $300

These reflexes can integrate multiple

sources of information before initiating an
effector response.

Polysynaptic reflexes.

Lab 3 - $400

This causes inhibition of the H Reflex

under certain conditions

Renshaw Cells

Lab 3 - $500

This result of the vestibular-ocular reflex is

an attempt to coordinate visual field with
perception of acceleration.

Nystagmus

Lab 3 - $600

When angular acceleration is detected,

hair cells transmit motion into an electrical
signal via this mechanism

Bending of stereocilia/kinocilia to open

channels and de/hyper- polarize the hair
cells.

Lab 3 - $700

While most peoples H wave appears at a

lower stimulus than the M, this reason
would cause the M wave to appear first
instead.

An alpha motor neuron that is larger (and

thus less resistant) than the 1A afferent
neuron.

Lab 4 - $100

This is defined as the volume of blood

pumped by the ventricles per minute.

Cardiac Output

Lab 4 - $200

These mechanically sensitive proteins

detect stretch to measure a cardiovascular
parameter in the aortic arch and carotid
sinus

Baroreceptors

Lab 4 - $300

This is the name for the sounds heard

when performing sphygmomanometry by
auscultation

Korotkov sounds

Lab 4 - $400

The skeletal muscle pump, the venous

valves, venoconstriction are all methods
for improving this.

Venous Return

Lab 4 - $500

Metabolite buildup and oxygen demand

due to riding a bicycle will cause this reflex
of the cardiovascular system

Active Hyperemia

Lab 4 - $600

Capillaries lack most vessel tissue layers

except this one due to their specific
diffusion functions.

Endothelial cells

Lab 4 - $700

These highly distensible vessels are thin

walled and have a layer of smooth muscle
that actively changes the diameter.

Veins/venules

Lab 5 - $100

These pacemaker cells in the frog are

equivalent to the SA node

Sinus Venosus

Lab 5 - $200

This law states that the contraction after a

compensatory pause should be bigger.

Frank-Starling Law

Lab 5 - $300

This phase of the cardiac cycle includes

isovolumetric contraction and ventricular
ejection.

Systole

Lab 5 - $400

Instead of T-tubules mechanically

connected to the SR, a cardiac cell relies
on this mechanism.

Calcium-induced Calcium Release (CICR)

Lab 5 - $500

This is when second fastest pacemaker

cells restore heart rhythm when the SA
Node fails.

Vagal Escape

Lab 5 - $600

The effective refractory period of the heart

prevents this from happening.

Tetany

Lab 5 - $700

Increased permeability to K+ at the SA

node is caused by this type of neuronal
stimulation.

Parasympathetic

Lab 6 - $100

This is the tool used to measure lung

volumes.

Spirometer

Lab 6 - $200

This lung volume is composed of

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) + Tidal
Volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume
(IRV)

Vital Capacity (VC)

Lab 6 - $300

These chemoreceptors primarily sense

arterial PO2

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Lab 6 - $400

This control center modulates both

inspiratory and expiratory efforts

Ventral Respiratory Group

Lab 6 - $500

This is another name for the stretchactivated inspiratory-off-switch.

Hering-Breuer Reflex

Lab 6 - $600

These are the three ways that CO2 is

carried in the blood

1. Dissolved in plasma, 2.
Carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2), 3.
Bicarbonate buffer (CO2+H2O H++HCO3-)

Lab 6 - $700

This increase in breathing does not cause

a corresponding decrease in PCO2.

Exercise Hyperpnea

Lab 7 - $100

These are the four basic renal processes

Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion,

Excretion

Lab 7 - $200

This is defined as the volume of plasma

that a substance has been removed from
per unit time, and ranges from 0->GFR.

Clearance

Lab 7 - $300

When a beverage contains MORE solute

than the plasma, this is what it would be
called, and the effect it would have on GFR

Hypertonic, decrease

Lab 7 - $400

When a person regularly uses a lot of

bicarbonate-based antacid chews, this
would happen to their urine.

pH would be increased above normal

Lab 7 - $500

Of the two clearances you measured, this

one was predicted to DECREASE for the
HYPOTONIC subject.

Sodium clearance.

Lab 7 - $600

This special bundle of cells on the distal

tubule come alongside the granular cells
of the corpuscle and sense changes in
NaCl

Macula Densa

Lab 7 - $700

This hormone is the end-product of a

signaling cascade beginning with Renin,
and causes sodium reabsorption to
increase

Aldosterone

Lab 8 - $100

This layer of the GI tract contains 2 layers

of smooth muscle cells involved in gut
motility

Muscularis Externa

Lab 8 - $200

These cells create the basal electrical

rhythm that excite smooth muscle cells

Interstitial cells of cajal

Lab 8 - $300

Unlike its effects in other muscle types,

this neurotransmitter will decrease
excitability in smooth muscle.

Epinephrine (or adrenaline)

Lab 8 - $400

This essential difference between skeletal

& smooth muscle is how smooth muscle
gets its name

Lack of sarcomeres / regular arrangement

Lab 8 - $500

These two ion currents are essential for

slow wave production

Calcium and potassium

Lab 8 - $600

These are the possible regulatory proteins

that Ca-CaM can bind to and initiate
contraction

Route 1: Caldesmon or Calponin. Route 2:

MLCK (myosin light chain kinase)

Lab 8 - $700

This mechanism is why ADP can have

opposite results despite using similar
second messengers to Acetylcholine.

Calcium sparks

Final Jeopardy

An alpha motor neuron, parasympathetic

innervation of the heart, and excitatory
neurons of the enteric nervous system all
have this in common.

Acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter