What is Respiration?

a process of oxidizing food to release energy

inside cells

Burning of Food

A demonstration of energy released from food

oxygen

food (sugar)
Burning

energy

water

carbon dioxide

Respiration
reactions are catalyzed by enzymes
main food substance which oxidized in cells

is glucose
C6H12O6 + 6O2

enzymes

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

takes place in all living cells, it is called

cellular respiration which is used to produce

energy

Comparison of Burning
and Respiration

Similarities

- both involve oxidative processes

- both require O2 and food
- produce carbon dioxide and water
- both reactions release energy

 Differences

Burning

Respiration

takes place in air

or oxygen

takes place in cells

a single-step
process
no enzymes involved

a series of
chemical reactions
controlled by
enzymes

 Differences

Burning

Respiration

energy release is vigorous energy release is slower

& not under control
energy is released in form

and under control

energy is released in

of heat and light (a flame

form of heat & an energy-

can result)

rich compound

Energy is required for

Human

cell division

Plants

produce light absorb

mineral salts
by active
produce sound transport
keep warm
in some birds
transport food

active transport
produce smell in substances
Impulse
some mammals
transmission

Muscle contraction
- locomotion

Other Animals
in fireflies

ATP

energy is mainly released as heat and ATP

during respiration in cells

however, during respiration, some ATP should

be consumed first before other ATP can be
formed

the ATP consumed is used to form other ATP

from ADP and phosphate groups

ADP + phosphate + energy

ATP

(from breakdown
of glucose)

ATP is a high-energy compound while ADP is a

low-energy one

ATP can only store energy for a short period

ATP is made inside organelles, mitochondria,
which is scattered in the cytoplasm of a cell

Anaerobic Respiration
respiration in human is mainly aerobic
respiration as oxygen is essential

when oxygen is not needed during

respiration, it is called anaerobic respiration

yeast and muscle cells are examples which

they can respire anaerobically for a short
time

Alcoholic Fermentation
without oxygen, yeast cells respire as follows:
C6H12O6

enzymes

2CO2

+ 2C2H5OH

+ energy

(ethanol)

amount of energy released anaerobically is

smaller when compared with the aerobic
method

amount of energy
released
oxidation of
glucose
place of
occurrence

aerobic
respiration

anaerobic
respiration

large

small

completely
mitochondria

partly
cytoplasm

Industrial Use of
Yeast Fermentation
alcohol produced is used for:
brewing beer
making wine
carbon dioxide released is used for:
baking bread

Lactic Acid Fermentation

extra oxygen is required for undertaking

sternuous exercise
people cannot supply enough oxygen to
muscles even they breathe faster and deeper

muscle need to produce energy anaerobically

by breaking down glucose into lactic acid
C6H12O6

enzymes

2C3H6O3

+ energy

lactic acid will cause muscle fatigue and muscle

cramps if they are allowed to accumulate

 a large amount of oxygen is needed to break

down the accumulated lactic acid into carbon

dioxide and water or turn to glycogen in liver for
storage so we pant after doing exercise
the amount of oxygen required to get rid of lactic

acid is called oxygen debt

To Show Anaerobic
Respiration of Germinating
Seeds in Oil

thermometer

thermos
flask
liquid
paraffin
yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
indicator solution
then cooled down

Why is it important to boil the glucose solution?

Ans: This drives off any dissolved oxygen.

thermometer

thermos
flask
liquid
paraffin
yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
indicator solution
then cooled down

Why must the glucose solution be cooled down before

yeast is added?
Ans: It is because yeast would be killed when hot.

thermometer

thermos
flask
liquid
paraffin
yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
indicator solution
then cooled down

What is the function of liquid paraffin?

Ans: It prevents the mixture from coming into contact
with air.

thermometer

thermos
flask
liquid
paraffin
yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
indicator solution
then cooled down

What has happened to the hydrogencarbonate indicator

solution?
Ans: The hydrogencarbonate indicator solution has
changed from red to yellow.

thermometer

thermos
flask
liquid
paraffin
yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
indicator solution
then cooled down

What does this show?

Ans: This shows that yeast can respire anaerobically to
produce energy.

thermometer

thermos
flask
liquid
paraffin
yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
indicator solution
then cooled down

What has happened to the reading of each thermometer?

Ans: The reading of the thermometer of the experimental
set-up rises.

thermometer

thermos
flask
liquid
paraffin
yeast in glucose
solution which has been
previously boiled and hydrogencarbonate
indicator solution
then cooled down

At the end of the experiment, what new substance would

you expect to find in the glucose solution containing living
yeast?
Ans: We can find alcohol in it.

Comparison of Aerobic and

Anaerobic Respiration
Similarity
Sugar is broken down to release energy
ATP is made
Both are controlled by enzymes

 Differences
aerobic
respiration

anaerobic
respiration

oxygen
requirement

essential

nil

oxidation of
sugar

complete
oxidation

energy
released

large
amount

incomplete
oxidation
small
amount

end
products

occurrence

aerobic
respiration

anaerobic
respiration

inorganic:
CO2 and H2O

organic:
ethanol or
lactic acid

in most
living cells

in lower organisms
(e.g. bacteria and
yeast) and
vertebrate muscles

Differences between
Respiration and Photosynthesis
aerobic
respiration

photosynthesis

produces carbon
dioxide and water

requires carbon
dioxide and water

energy is
released

energy (light)
is absorbed

an oxidative
process

a reductive
process

aerobic
respiration
a breaking down
process
occurs in all
living cells at
all times
occurs in
mitochondria

photosynthesis
a synthetic process
occurs in green
plants only when
light is available
occurs in
chloroplasts