TOKSIKOLOGI

Pendahuluan :
Definisi, Sejarah, makna, arti
penting dan ruang lingkup
toksikologi

Definisi
Toksikologi Ilmu yang mempelajari
hal ikhwal racun/ xenobiotika
terutama pengaruhnya pada mahluk
hidup.

Toxicology
What is toxicology? The study of the effects of poisons.
Poisonous substances are produced by plants, animals, or bacteria.
Phytotoxins
Zootoxins
Bacteriotoxins

Toxicant - the specific poisonous chemical.

Xenobiotic - man-made substance and/or produced by but not normally found
in the body.

Introduction to Xenobiotics
*Recall: Foreign chemicals are
synthesized within the body are
termed xenobiotics (Gr.Xenos
meaning strange)*

Xenobiotics may be naturally

occurring chemicals produced by
plants, microorganisms, or animals
(including humans).
Xenobiotics may also be synthetic chemicals produced by
humans.
Poisons are xenobiotics, but not all xenobiotics are poisonous.

You Know ?
92% of all poisonings happen at home.
The household products implicated implicated in
most poisonings are: cleaning solutions, fuels,
medicines, and other materials such as glue
and cosmetics.
Certain animals secrete a xenobiotic poison called
venom, usually injected with a bite or a sting,
and others animals harbor infectious bacteria.
Some household plants are poisonous to humans
and animals.

History
2700 B.C. - Chinese journals: plant and
fish poisons

1900-1200 B.C. - Egyptian documents

that had directions for collection,
preparation, and
administration of more than 800 medicinal and poisonous recipes.
800 B.C. - India - Hindu medicine includes
notes on poisons and antidotes.
50-100 A.D. - Greek physicians classified over
600 plant, animal, and mineral poisons.

History
50- 400 A.D. - Romans used poisons for
executions and assassinations.
The philosopher, Socrates, was executed
using hemlock for teaching radical
ideas to youths.
Avicenna (A.D. 980-1036) Islamic authority on
poisons and antidotes.
1200 A.D. - Spanish rabbi Maimonides writes
first-aid book for poisonings,
Poisons and Their Antidotes

History
Swiss physician Paracelsus (14931541) credited with being
the father of modern toxicology.
All substances are poisons: there is
none which is not a poison. The
right dose differentiates a poison
from a remedy.

Dalil-dalil yang dikemukakan

Paracelcus :
Percobaan pada hewan merupakan cara yang paling baik
dalam mempelajari respon tubuh terhadap racun.
Efek suatu bahan ( kimia atau alami) pada tubuh dapat
merupakan efek terapeutik yang berguna dan efek toksik
yang merugikan. Kedua macam efek itu timbul karena
adanya perbedaan dosis.

The Dose Makes the Poison

An apparently nontoxic chemical
can be toxic at high doses. (Too
much of a good thing can be
bad).

Highly toxic chemicals can be life

saving when given in appropriate
doses. (Poisons are not harmful
at a sufficiently low dose).

Exposure Concepts
Different toxic responses may arise from
different:
Routes of exposure.
Frequencies of exposure.
Duration of exposure (acute vs. chronic).

Routes of Environmental
Exposure
Ingestion (water and food)
Absorption (through skin)
Injection (bite, puncture, or cut)
Inhalation (air)

Duration & Frequency of

Exposure
Duration and frequency are also important
components of exposure and contribute to dose.
Acute exposure - less than 24 hours; usually entails a
single exposure
Repeated exposures are classified as:
Subacute - repeated for up to 30 days
Subchronic - repeated for 30-90 days
Chronic -repeated for over 90 days

Exposure Concepts
Exposure to chemicals may come from many sources:

Environmental
Occupational
Therapeutic
Dietary
Accidental
Deliberate

Types of Toxic Effects

Death - arsenic, cyanide
Organ Damage - ozone, lead
Mutagenesis - UV light
Carcinogenesis - benzene, asbestos
Teratogenesis - thalidomide

Target Organ Toxicity

Central Nervous System lead
Immune System - isocyanates
Liver - ethanol, acetaminophen
Respiratory Tract - tobacco smoke,
asbestos, ozone
Eye - UV light (sunlight)
Kidney - metals
Skin - UV light, gold, nickel
Reproductive System
dibromochloropropane

RUANG LINGKUP
TOKSKOLOGI

Toksikologi Klinik
Toksikologi Lingkungan
Toksikologi Industri
Toksikologi Forensik
Toksikologi kehakiman
Dll.

VISI FARMASI
Pada tahun 2020 menjadi program studi utama di
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spiritual, intelektual, emosional dan sosial.

MISI

Melaksanakan pendidikan dengan kurikulum berbasis

kompetensi sesuai tuntutan dunia kefarmasian yang
cerdas secara spiritual, intelektual, emosional dan sosial.
Melaksanakan penelitian di bidang kefarmasian.
Melaksanakan kegiatan pengabdian dan pemberdayaan
masyarakat sebagai penerapan ilmu kefarmasian.
Menciptakan lingkungan/suasana kampus Islami guna
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