EEEB113 Circuit

Analysis 1
Chapter 5: Operational
Amplifier
Sharifah Azma bt Syed Mustaffa

Operational Amplifier
5.2

Operational Amplifiers

5.3

Ideal Op Amp

5.4

Inverting Amplifier

5.5

Non-Inverting Amplifier

5.6

Summing Amplifier

5.7 Difference Amplifier

5.8 Cascaded Op-Amp

Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

5.1 Operational Amplifiers (1)

What is an Op Amp?
It is an electronic unit that behaves like a voltagecontrolled voltage source (VCVS) (i.e. dependent
voltage source that depends on other voltage).
It is an active circuit element designed to perform
mathematical operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, differentiation and
integration.

Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

5.1 What is an Op Amp (2)

A typical op amp: (a) pin configuration,

Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

(b) circuit symbol

5.1 What is an Op Amp (3)

As an active element, op amp must be powered by a
voltage supply.

by KCL,
io = i 1 + i 2 + i + + i -

Although the power supplies are often ignored in circuit

diagram (for simplicity), the power supply currents must not
be overlooked.
Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

5.1 What is an Op Amp (4)

Equivalent circuit

Ri = input resistance
Ro = output resistance
v1 = voltage between inverting terminal and
ground
v2 = voltage between non-inverting terminal and
ground
Differential input voltage, vd = v2 v1
Output voltage, vo = Avd = A(v2 v1)
where A is the open loop voltage gain

(A can also be expressed in dB: Y dB = 20log10A)

vd = v2 v1; vo = Avd = A(v2 v1)

Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

5.1 What is an Op Amp (5)

Typical ranges of op amp
Parameter

Typical range

Ideal values

Open-loop gain, A

105 to 108

Input resistance, Ri

105 to 1013

Output resistance,
Ro

10 to 100

Supply voltage, VCC

5 to 24 V

Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

5.1 What is an Op Amp (6)

Op Amp output:
vo as a function of vd

Practical Limitation

Magnitude of output voltage

cannot exceed magnitude of
voltage supplied to op-amp.

If vd is increased beyond linear

range, vo = vcc

Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

5.1 What is an Op Amp (7)

e.g. 5.1

An op-amp has an open voltage gain of 2 x 105, input resistance

of 2 M and output resistance of 50 . The op-amp is used as in
circuit below. Find the closed loop gain, vo/vs and determine the
current i when vs = 2V

Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

5.1 What is an Op Amp (8)

Soln. 5.1

KCL at node 1:
KCL at node O:
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10

5.1 What is an Op Amp (9)

Cont. Soln. 5.1
But vd = - v1 and A = 2 x 105,
Thus the two equations now become

And thus,

For vs=2V, vo = - 3.976 V,

v1 =
7.973 x 10-3 V,
Circuit
Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12
Thus
i = 1.992 x 10-4 A

11

5.1 What is an Op Amp (10)

P.P. 5.1

An op-amp has an open voltage gain of 2 x 105, input resistance

of 2 M and output resistance of 50 . The op-amp is used as
in circuit below. Calculate the closed loop gain, vo/vs and
determine the current io when vs = 1 V

Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

12

5.1 What is an Op Amp (11)

Soln. P.P. 5.1

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13

5.1 What is an Op Amp (12)

cont. Soln. P.P. 5.1

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14

5.1 What is an Op Amp (13)

cont. Soln. P.P. 5.1

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5.3 Ideal Op Amp (1)

An op amp is ideal if it has the following
characteristics:
1. Infinite open-loop gain, A
2. Infinite input resistance, Ri
3. Zero output resistance, Ro 0

Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

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5.3 Ideal Op Amp (2)

2 important characteristics of an ideal op amp:

i1 i2 0

1.

Currents into both terminals are zero.

2.

Voltage across input terminals is negligibly small.

vd v2 v1 0
v2 v1

Ideal op amp model

Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

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5.3 Ideal Op Amp (3)

p.p. 5.2

Determine the value of i when Vs=2V.

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5.3 Ideal Op Amp (4)

soln. p.p. 5.2

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5.4 Inverting Amplifier(1)

An inverting amplifier reverses the polarity of the input signal while
amplifying it.

Rf
vo
Ri

Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

vi

20

5.4 Inverting Amplifier(2)

Since the op amp is an ideal op amp, from the figure:

i1 i2

Apply KCL at node 1, we will have

vi v1 v1 vo

R1
Rf

Since for ideal op amp,

And yield to

thus,

v1 v2 0

vi vo

R1 R f

Rf
vo vi
R1
Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

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5.4 Inverting Amplifier(3)

p.p. 5.3
Find the output of the op amp circuit shown in figure below.
Calculate the current through the feedback resistor.

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5.4 Inverting Amplifier(4)

soln. p.p. 5.3

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5.5 Non-Inverting Op amp (1)

A non-inverting amplifier is designed to produce positive
voltage gain.

Rf

vo 1
vi
R1

Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

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5.5 Non-Inverting Op Amp(2)

Apply KCL at the inverting terminal gives:
1.

2.

i1 i2

0 v1 v1 vo

R1
Rf

v1 v2 vi

Voltage gain Av =

vi vi vo

R1
Rf

Constraints:

i1 i2 0
v2 v1

Rf
vo 1 vi
Ri

Rf
vo
1
vi
Ri

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5.5 Non-Inverting Op amp (3)

p.p. 5.5
Calculate vo in the circuit shown below.

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5.4 Non-Inverting Op amp (4)

Soln. p.p. 5.5

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5.6 Summing Amplifier (1)

Summing Amplifier is an op amp circuit that
combines several inputs and produces an output
that is the weighted sum of the inputs.

Rf
Rf
Rf
vo
v1
v2
v3
R2
R3
R1

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5.6 Summing Amplifier (2)

p.p. 5.6
Find vo and io in the op amp circuit below.

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5.6 Summing Amplifier (3)

Soln. p.p. 5.6

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5.7 Difference Amplifier (1)

Difference amplifier is a device that amplifies
the difference between two inputs but rejects any
signals common to the two inputs.

R2 (1 R1 / R2 )
R2
R2 R3
vo
v2 v1 vo v2 v1 , if

1
R1 (1 R3 / R4 )
R1
R1 R4
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5.7 Difference Amplifier (2)

p.p. 5.7 (and soln.)
Design a difference amplifier with gain 5

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5.8 Cascaded Op Amp Circuits (1)

Practical applications include connecting op-amp

circuits in cascade to achieve large overall gain

A cascade connection is a head-to-tail

arrangement of two or more op-amp circuits such
that the output of one is the input of the next

Op-amp circuits have the advantage that they can

be cascaded without changing their input-output
relationships because each op-amp is treated as
ideal

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5.8 Cascaded Op Amp Circuits (2)

p.p. 5.9
Determine vo and io

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5.8 Cascaded Op Amp Circuits (3)

p.p. 5.9 (soln)

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5.8 Cascaded Op Amp Circuits (4)

p.p. 5.10
If v1 = 4V and v2 = 3V, find vo

Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

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5.8 Cascaded Op Amp Circuits (5)

p.p. 5.10 (soln)

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5.8 Cascaded Op Amp Circuits (6)

Problem 5.62
Obtain the closed-loop voltage gain vo /vi

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5.8 Cascaded Op Amp Circuits (7)

Problem 5.62 (soln)
Let
v1 = output of the first op amp
v2 = output of the second op amp
The first stage is a summer

R2
R2
v1
vi
vo
R1
Rf

(1)

The second stage is a follower. By voltage division:

vo v2

R4
v1
R3 R4

v1

Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

R3 R4
vo
R4
(2)
39

5.8 Cascaded Op Amp Circuits (8)

Problem 5.62 (cont. soln)
From (1) and (2),

R3
1
v o
R4

R3

R4

R2

Rf

vo
vi

R2
R1

R1

R2
R1

vo

vi

R2
R1

R2
Rf

vo

vi

1
1

R3

R4

R2
Rf

R2 R4 Rf
R2 R4 R3 Rf R4
Circuit Analysis 1 Sem 1 11/12

Rf
40