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PERBANDINGAN SISTEM

POLITIK DAN PENTADBIRAN


COMPARATIVE POLITICS AND
ADMINISTRATION
FPP 3073

INTRODUCTION
CONCEPTS OF POLITICS
COMPARATIVE APPROACH

INTRODUCTION

FPP 3073 will be discuss about


political system and administration.
Subtopic in Political Science studies
comprises topic in this area; Politics,
State, Sovereignty, Power, Authority,
Legitimacy, Political Culture.

WHAT IS POLITICS??
Lasswell defined politics as: who gets
what, when and how
Dahl, defined politic as: power to
influence others to do something

WHAT IS COMPARATIVE
POLITICS??

Comparative Politic involves the


systematic study and comparison of the
worlds political system.
It seeks to explain differences between as
well as similarities among countries.
Howard J. Wiarda, Western Political Scholar
defined comparative politic as a fundamental
principal in Political Sciences study.

Having through the question, WHY we


might want to compare and WHAT
should we be comparing?
EVERYTHING
Compare about electoral rules,
political parties, interest group,
monetary systems, gender
relations, public policy etc

Harry Eckstein, (Scholar of Comparative


Studies) defined,
I have always adhered to the view that
comparative politics should comprise
the study of any and all political
systems and that it should be
organized primarily on the basic of
broad problems for theory that arise on
the polity level, regardless of
location or chronology. I have called
such studies macro politics-politics in
the large.

Ruth Lane, The Art of Comparative Politics


(1997), It is two things, first a WORLD,
second a DISCIPLINE. As a world,
comparative politics encompasses political
behavior and institution in all parts of
the earth (Asia, Europe etc). The world,
includes the collapse of the Soviet Union and
economic stagnation in many parts of Africa
and militarization in Southeast Asia, includes
hope and despair, failure and success.
The discipline of comparative politics is
a field of study to understand, to explain
of comparative politics

Alexis de Tocqueville (French Social


Philosopher),
Comparison is fundamental to all
human. Comparing the past and
present of our nation and
comparing our experience with that
of other nation deepen our
perspective on own institution.

HISTORY OF COMPARATIVE
POLITICS

Aristotle (two thousand years ago) in his


politics, contrasted the economies and
social structures of the many Greek
city-states in an effort to determine how
the social and economic environment
affected political institution and
policies.

Modern Political Scientist, Robert Dahl


(1971) in his studies of democracy,
compares the economic characteristic,
cultures and historical experiences of
many contemporary nations in an effort to
discover the combinations of conditions
and characteristics that are associated
with that form of government.

Other theorist, in their attempt to


explain differences between the
processes and performance of
political systems, have compared
constitutional regimes with tyrannies,
two party democracies with
multiparty democracies, and stable
governments with unstable
regimes.

WHY COMPARATIVE RESEARCH


IS IMPORTANT??
To analyze similarities and differences
among countries.
2. To explain about the types of similarities and
differences.
Etc, the types of newly independent countries
such as Malaysia and Indonesia.
3. It also try to compare about the duration of
political regime. TEMPOH MASA
PEMERINTAHAN.
1.

MAIN IDEA IN COMPARATIVE


RESEARCH.
1.

Relative thinking: No accurate answers in


order to explain about what was happen
before.
Etc, Malaysia and Thailand. Even both of them
are practicing democratic system, it is no
absolute system which is usually practiced in
Malaysia can be used in Thailand. Therefore,
Malaysian system itself is better than Thailand.

2.

Not depend on prediction of other


things being equal: No theories or
concept specifically explain about what
was happen because it was influence by
many factors.

3.Beyond expectation: Political


phenomena is unpredicted, Politics
situation always changed. It is
because the decision is only valid on
the particular time/duration.

POLITICAL SYSTEM

A form of approaches that will be


focused on political process,
structure and political institution.

Davis Easton, Gabriel Almond, Karl


Deutsch, Morton A. Kaplan, Robert A.
Dahl,
Political system is one of the element in
implementing policy in the country.

WIARDA DIAGRAM MODEL

Political Process
Inputs
History
Political Culture
Socioeconomic Factors
Interest Groups
Political Parties
Political communications

Institution of Government
The Government System
Bureaucracy and the State
Decision Making

Feedback

Outputs

Foreign Policy
Domestic Policy

APPROACHES IN COMPARATIVE
STUDIES
1.

State Centered versus Society Centered.


Focus on state (state centered) including
legislative body, executive, judiciary and
constitution.
To study about the function of government
agencies in order to develop countries. However,
this study not include group of interest and
media.
Etc,check and balances system in the country.

Society centered - Using (behavioral


approach) which is focus on human
behavioral in order to convince the political
situation.
Etc, voters behavior to choose their
representative in the general election.

2.

Political System approach


versusPolitical Change approach the
political system approach will be
stressed on how the government and the
society work together to establish a
stable and harmonious situation.
This approach is based on Easton
Model.

Model David Easton


Decision Makers, Government Decision
maker
Conversation Process

Demand/need
INPUT
Support

Political party
Interest group
Parliament
Judiciary
Bureaucracy
Executive

Penyuaraan
Hasrat

Political System
State A
Feedback

Policy adjustment
OUTPUT

Result

Political Change Almond, Powell and


Ranney stressed that there are some
function of political system itself;
a. Political recruitment
b. Political Socialization Family
institution, school.
c. Political communication Political
sources must be shared together.

d.

e.

f.

Interest Articulation policy that will be


implemented should be clear actually
from political interest groups.
Interest Aggregation policy should be
chosen and suitable Permintaan
hendaklah dipilih dan disatukan mengikut
kesesuaian, bagi menghasilkan alternatifalternatif yang utama.
Policy Making Permintaan tersebut
hendaklah dijadikan satu bentuk
keputusan yang diterimapakai.

g.Policy Implementation
h. Coercion and compromise the act
of aggression or compromise to get the
peoples compliance.

3.

Process Centered approach versus


Policy Centered approach Focus on
public policy and substance of public
policy.
Etc, the question about the function of
private institution to provide social
facilities compared to government.

Kebaikan menggunakan pendekatan ini;


a.

b.

c.
d.

Pendekatan ini mengingatkan kita kepada


persoalan siapa mendapat apa, bila dan
bagaimana.
Bersesuaian dalam analisis perbandingan
Contoh, membandingkan dasar kesihatan
sesebuah negara dengan negara lain.
Bagi melihat pelaksanaan dan keberkesanan
sesuatu dasar
Memberi panduan dalam memperbaiki kualiti
dasar yang dihasilkan, kerana kita membuat
perbandingan dengan negara lain

COMPARATIVE APPROACH
According to Lijphart, there are 2
comparative approach
1. Case study
Micro level, focus on individual.
Macro level, focus on interest group,
party politics, single nation, voter,
election and political structure.

2.

Focus on 2 or 3 countries,
a.Diachronic comparative Focus on single country,
but compared the country situation in different era.
b.Synchronic comparative Compared about
political situation at the same time but in different
countries.
c. Statistic research Public opinion and survey
research
d. Experimental Approach Using a method or
theory which is suitable and applicable to the
countries.

ADVANTAGES AND WEAKNESSES


IN COMPARATIVE STUDIES.
ADVANTAGES
1. To test HIPOTESIS or to predict about politic
process.
Etc, why democracy system can be applied in
Malaysia but not in Myanmmar?
Human rights context, why the European
countries focussing too much on this?but, not in
here?

WEAKNESSESS
a.

Too many variables (pembolehubah)


Difficult to look in countries which have
the same variable in all aspect.
Etc,election system in A state are
different with B state although both of
them are using democracy system.

b.

Interpretation of diversified
phenomena differences between
countries.
Etc, rampasan kuasa di negara A
mungkin dipandang negatif oleh negara
B, tetapi bukan oleh negara A.
Jean Bertrand Aristide di Haiti, Februari
2004, popular dikalangan masyarakat
miskin walaupun melakukan rampasan
kuasa

c.

Bias It will be a bias to explain about


particular thing causes by existence of
value differences.
Terrorist or Freedom fighter in Southern
Thailand.

CONCLUSION

Political comparative is a study of global


context where it will discussing about all of
the politic aspect.
To learn about others political system.
To evaluate the strength and weaknesses
of our political system itself.

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