TELEPORT

OPERATIONS

SUBMITTED BY:GAUTAM
MADAAN
1709443

Communication is a process of establishing connection or link between

two points for information exchange.

The process of conveying information or message from one place to

another is known as communication

Typical examples of communication system are line telephony, point to

point communication, radio broadcasting, television broadcasting,
computer communication, mobile communication, satellite
communication.

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

The basic block diagram of communication system

Information
Source

Input
transducer

Transmitt
er

Channe
l

Distortion & noise

Receiver

Output
transducer

Output
message

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

Satellite Communication is a mode of communication of signal

between transmitter & receiver through Satellite.
In satellite communication a beam of modulated microwave from
transmitter is sent directly toward the satellite which receive the
coming signals, amplifies & return to earth at different frequency
to avoid interference between uplink & downlink.
In the early years of satcom research, moon was used to bounce
the signal off.
The time it took for our signals to get to the moon and back was
about 2 seconds. This time is called satellite delay and is still
present today in all our satellite communications.

A satellite receives a microwave signal from a ground station on the earth

(the uplink), then amplifies and retransmits the signal back to a receiving
station or stations on earth at a different frequency (the downlink).
A communication satellite is in geosynchronous orbit, which means that it is
orbiting at the same speed as the earth is revolving.
The satellite stays in the same position relative to the surface of the earth, so
that the broadcasting station will never lose contact with the receiver.

WORKING OF SATCOMM
The light bulb is our signal
generator(modem), be it
voice, data or whatever you
want to transmit.
The reflector behind our
bulb is our antenna or dish
A white wall is our satellite
aim the beam at the wall,the
beam is our satellite
transmission
eyes are the receiver then the
light is travelling from the
torch to the wall and is then
being spread out over a larger
area and your eyes are
receiving the light

COMMUNICATION TAKE PLACE WITH THE HELP OF

To interconnect multiple DSL users to a high-speed backbone network, the telephone company uses
a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM).
The DSLAM aggregates data transmission from all access DSL lines and then connects to an
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network
At the other end of each transmission, a DSLAM demultiplexes the signals and forwards them to
appropriate individual DSL connections.

ADVANTAGES OF DSL
TECHNOLOGY

DSL is more cost-effective because it eliminates the need for

extensive and expensive infrastructure upgrades.

Increased Bandwidth capacity in the existing infrastructure.

The speed is much higher than a regular voice band modem.

Voice and data can be transmitted at the same time.

Very Secure and reliable.

xDSL

VARIANTS IN DSL TECHNOLOGY

DSL
Symmetric
DSL

IDSL
HDSL
HDSL-2
SDSL
SHDSL

Asymmetric DSL

ADSL(G.dmt)
G.Lite ADSL
ADSL 2
ADSL 2+
RADSL
VDSL

ASYMMETRICAL DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER

LINE

ADSL is the only xDSL implementation that allows the local loop to continue to be
used for analogue telephony
ADSL is a high-speed replacement for a Conventional Modem or ISDN adapter that
allows you to access the Internet faster.
For a traditional telephone network, twisted-pair cables are used to transport only
telephone voice signals. Whereas with the introduction of the ADSL technology, not
only voice signals, but also high-speed data signals can be transported over the
telephone wire, and the two types of signals do not interfere each other, thus
improving the utilization of the line.
The asymmetry feature of ADSL is that its downlink speed can be as high as 8
Mbps
PC

V.90
MODEM

33 K

SERVICE
PROVIDER
56 K

INTERNET

Conventional Modem Connection

PC

640 K
ADSL
MODEM

SERVICE
PROVIDER

8000 K
ADSL MODEM CONNECTION

INTERNET

FREQ. SPECTRUM USED IN BROADBAND

ADSL Bandwidth

UPSTREAM

4 KHz

26 KHz

138 KHz

DOWNSTREAM

1 . 1 MHz

PRINCIPLE USED IN ADSL

ADSL employs the special modulation-demodulation hardware to connect ends of the

existing twisted-pair cable
It creates a pipeline with three channels The ADSL communication pipeline contains a
high-speed downlink channel (to the user end), an uplink channel and a POTS channel
(0 kHz ~ 4 kHz). The POTS channel is used to ensure normal voice communications
even if the ADSL connection fails.
ADSL uses a very simple method compression to obtain amazing rate. It uses very
advanced DSP and algorithms to compress as much information as possible in the
telephone wire (twisted pair).
ADSL products use FDM to multiplex the uplink and downlink channels, and isolate
the POTS channel. To make full use of the spectrum resources, ADSL usually adopts
the DMT (Discrete MultiTone) modulation technology. DMT divides 1 MHz spectrum
into 256 sub channels with the bandwidth of 4.3125 kHz.
The ADSL rate completely depends on the line distance. The longer the distance, the
lower the rate. The lowest rate may be below 1.5 Mbps, but the average rate can
normally reach 6 Mbps.
ADSL works by implementing many modems in parallel, each of which uses its own
slice of the available bandwidth.

NETWORK MODEL FOR ASYMMETRIC DSL

Remote Terminal
xDSL
modem
Phone

POTS
Splitter

Central Office Terminal

copper wire

POTS
Splitter

DSLAM
PSTN
network

ADSL
MODEM

Splitter

Splitter
ADSL

LT

Existin
g
Copper Lines

Exchange
EXCHANGE

Equp.
t

ISP

CORE
NETWORK

ADSL MODEM

ADSL modem is connected to the telephone wiring (called the 'local loop') that
connects to the local exchange equipment.
The ADSL modem uses a combination of several-advanced signal processing
techniques in order to achieve the required throughput speeds on ordinary
telephone wiring at distances up to several miles from the local exchange.
ADSL MODEMS ARE OF THREE TYPES:1)PCI ADSL modem.
2)USB ADSL modem:.
3)Ethernet or wireless router.

SERVICE
PROVIDER

PC

ADSL MODEM

Local loop
Loop

INTE
RNET

MODULATION
TECHNIQUES
Traditional plain old telephone service (POTS) uses a narrow 4-kHz baseband frequency
to transmit analog voice signals. This means that even with sophisticated modulation
techniques, current modem technology can only achieve throughput of up to 56 kb/s. To
attain a much higher throughput of up to 8 Mb/s, ADSL increases the usable frequency
range from 4 kHz to 1.1 MHz. Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) then allows
ADSL to create multiple frequency bands to carry upstream and downstream data
simultaneously with the POTS signal over the same copper pair. The lower 4-kHz
frequency range is reserved for POTS, the middle frequency band is used to transmit
upstream data, and the larger, higher frequency band is used for downstream data.

BROADBAND NETWORK COMPONENTS

PC
ADSL
MODEM

SERVICE
PROVIDER

INTERNET

PC
ADSL
MODEM

DSLAM

BRAS

D
S
L
A
M
LOCAL
LOOP

INTERNET

ISP

OFC

B
R
A
S

I
S
P

INTER
NET

BB Service Flow
PC CPE DSLAM T2 T1 BRAS
Service flow begins from Client BRAS which

terminated PPP sessions.

DSLAM

A Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) is a network device, usually at a

telephone company central office, that receives signals from multiple customer Digital
Subscriber Line (DSL) connections and puts the signals on a high-speed backbone line using
multiplexing techniques. Depending on the product, DSLAM multiplexers connect DSL lines
with some combination of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), frame relay, or Internet
Protocol networks.
When the phone company receives a DSL signal, an ADSL modem with a POTS splitter
detects voice calls and data. The DSLAM intermixes voice-frequency signals and high-speed
DSL data traffic onto a customer's DSL line. It also separates incoming phone and data
signals and directs them onto the appropriate carrier's network. Voice calls are sent to the
PSTN(Public switched telephone network), and data are sent to the DSLAM, where it passes
to the Internet, then back through the DSLAM and ADSL modem before returning to the
customer's PC. More DSLAM channels a phone company has, the more customers it can
support.

T1/T2 Switches
They are LAN switches used for
aggregating and cross-connecting clients,
servers and other network devices.

BBRAS (BROADBAND REMOTE ACCESS

SERVER)

The BBRAS is the piece of equipment that sits between the DSLAM at the telephone
exchange and the ISP that connects to the Internet. It may be in local exchange or it
may be elsewhere in service provider's network. Single BBRAS will probably handle
connections from several DSLAMs
The purpose of the BBRAS is to unwrap the various protocols inside which data
travels over the ADSL connection. It also makes connection to the ISP appear exactly
as if the connection is by using a dial-up modem or ISDN.
ADSL does not specify the protocols that are used to construct the connection to the
Internet. The result of this is that there are at least five different ways in which the
data can be carried between the PC and the BBRAS. The method used by the PC and
the modem must be the same as that used by the BRAS for the connection to work.
A BRAS is a multi-service access node able to manage IP service access for a large
number of subscribers. In order to access a specific service managed by the BRAS,
the subscriber must login towards the BRAS

ISP (INTERNET SERVICE

PROVIDER)

The Broadband Access Servers are connected to an Internet Service Provider or ISP. This is
the place where the connection to the Internet is made.
The ISP usually provides other services like mail and news servers, and may cache frequentlyused pages from the Internet so that the access can be more quickly.
The ISP treats ADSL connections exactly the same as connections made using ordinary Dialup modems or ISDN

CONTROLLING SERVICE
ACCESS

To be able to charge subscribers for their use of services, access control must be implemented,
so that subscribers can be recognized and verified by the system as entitled to use certain
services, and so that the system can charge the subscriber accordingly. The control of access to
network services can be divided into three main tasks: Authentication, Authorization, and
Accounting (AAA).
Authentication is the process of uniquely identifying a subscriber, for example based on a
combination of user name and password.
Authorization is the process of enforcing policies: determining what types or qualities of
activities, resources, or services a user is permitted. Usually, authorization occurs within the
context of authentication: the authentication may implicit allow for different types of access or
activities.
Accounting means keeping track of the subscriber sessions as for example how long the
subscriber uses a service, the type of service used and the amount of data transferred during
the session. The accounting information can be used for billing and capacity planning.

BROADBAND PROTOCOLS
INTRODUCTION

While accessing the Internet, the protocols (like HTTP - the protocol used by web browsers)
that run over the TCP/IP transport layer. This process is the same for analogue modems,
ISDN and ADSL.
While accessing an ISP with an ordinary modem or ISDN device, protocol called PPP is used
to carry the TCP/IP data and to check Username and Password.
In ADSL, PPP is also often used for Username/Password checking, and ATM is almost always
used at the lowest level.
PC

MODE
M

DSLAM

BBRAS

ISP/
INTERNE
T

HTT
P

HTT
P

TCP/IP

TCP/IP
PPP

PPP

ATM
ETHERNET/U
SB

ADSL

FIBRE

POINT TO POINT PROTOCOL

(PPP)

PPP is the protocol used to carry Internet traffic to the ISP across modem and ISDN links.
PPP incorporates authentication - Username/Password checking - and this is the main reason
for its use with ADSL. Although the BBRAS handles the PPP and performs the
authentication, it often does this by accessing the subscriber databases that reside at the
ISP. This way, the ISP knows that connections routed to it by the BBRAS have been
authenticated against the ISP's own subscriber database.

ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM)

ATM is used as the low-level transport for ADSL. This is because it is a flexible
and convenient way for the telephone companies to extend data connection. All
ATM frames are 53 bytes in length of which 48 bytes carry the user data. The
protocol, which is exploiting AAL5, may use frames, which are much longer than
this.