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Rosen 4.3
Permutations
A permutation of a set of distinct objects is
an ordered arrangement these objects.
An ordered arrangement of r elements of a
set is called an r-permutation.
The number of r-permutations of a set with
n elements is denoted by P(n,r).
A = {1,2,3,4} 2-permutations of A include
1,2; 2,1; 1,3; 2,3; etc
Counting Permutations
Using the product rule we can find P(n,r)
= n*(n-1)*(n-2)* *(n-r+1)
= n!/(n-r)!
How many 2-permutations are there for the
set {1,2,3,4}? P(4,2)
4 * 3 * 2 *1 4!
4*3
12
2 *1
2!
Combinations
An r-combination of elements of a set is an
unordered selection of r element from the set.
(i.e., an r-combination is simply a subset of the set
with r elements).
Let A={1,2,3,4} 3-combinations of A are
{1,2,3}, {1,2,4}, {1,3,4}, {2,3,4}(same as {3,2,4})
The number of r-combinations of a set with n
distinct elements is denoted by C(n,r).
Example
Let A = {1,2,3}
2-permutations of A are: 1,2
n!
n!
(n r )! n!(r r )!
r!
(n r )!r! r!(n r )!
(r r )!
exactly 2 vowels?
Choose position for the vowels.
C(6,2) = 6!/2!4! = 15
Choose the two vowels.
5 choices for each of 2 positions = 52
Each of the other 4 positions can contain any of 21
consonants.
214
15*52*214
at least 1 vowel
Count the number of strings with no vowels
and subtract this from the total number of
strings.
266 - 216
at least 2 vowels
Compute total number of strings and subtract
number of strings with no vowels and the
number of strings with exactly 1 vowel.
266 - 216 - 6*5*215
Binomial Coefficient
n
Another notation for C(n,r) is r . This
Pascals Identity
Let n and k be positive integers with n k.
Then C(n+1,k) = C(n, k-1) + C(n,k).
Proof: C (n, k 1) C (n, k )
n!
n!
k!(n 1 k )!
k!(n 1 k )! k!(n 1 k )!
C (n 1, k )
k=0
of every size from 0 (empty
set) to n. Therefore the sum must add up to
2n.
Vandermondes Identity
r
Pascals Triangle
0
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
1
1
2
1
3
1
2
2
3
2
1
1
3
3
nthrow,Cnk=k=0,1,,n
r
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
4
Binomial Theorem
Let x and y be variables and let n be a positive
integer. Then
n
nj
j=0
n n1 n n2 2
n n1 n n
n n
=
x + x y + x y +...+
xy + y
0
1
2
n 1
n