S

SEWERAGE DESIGN

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
For

it to be efficient, must have the ability to

transport the sewage effectively.

Its

classified based on the type of the wastewater

flowing in the pipe:
sanitary sewer

- carry only the water from

residential, commercial and industrial with the
stormwater
excluded.
stormwater sewer - carries the water coming from
roofs,
paved areas, pavements and
roads.
combined sewer - sanitary sewer + stormwater
sewer.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
Design

must be in accordance with

MS 1228:1991: Code of Practice for Design and

Installation of Sewerage system

Its

designed to discharge the wastewater flows

as required.

Sewage

treatment plant (STP)

converts the sewage into a form which can be safely

discharges to the environment, or reused for various

compatible purposes.
Effluent discharge must meet the standard A & B

DESIGN CRITERIA : PIPE SIZE

The

diameter of the pipe is

chosen based on the availability of the size

provided
Consideration of the economy
sufficient size to handle the total discharge, Q. (Q >
Peak flow total )
Lateral

sewer

minimum of 150mm diameter

receives the channel sewage from individual

buildings to another branch sewer, or directly to an

on-site treatment plant

DESIGN CRITERIA : PIPE

SIZE
Reticulation

sewer

225mm to 300mm.
receives the channel sewage collected from groups of individual

properties to branch sewers

Main

sewers/ trunk/ outfall sewer

450mm to above 900mm diameter.

receives sewers from branch sewers and transfer flows to large

sewage treatment plant.

Branch

sewers

300mm to 450mm diameter

receive the sewage from reticulation sewers and thereafter

transfers the flow to small sewage treatment plants, or to main

sewers

DESIGN CRITERIA : PIPE

The

depth of sewers is
1.2m below the ground surface.
invert depth minimum of 1.2m

Velocities

minimum of 0.8 m/s

self-cleansing
prevents the sludge to settle in the pipelines
maximum is at 4.0 m/s
prevent scouring of sewer by erosive action of suspended
matter.
The

slope
1:200 to 1:25 in order to maintain the velocity.

DESIGN CRITERIA :
MANHOLES
Design

should be:

Allow easy access for inspection and cleaning for the pipe
Made from durable structure,
cause minimum interference to the sewage flow.
minimum of 1.2 m in depth from the ground level
at least at 100m apart of each other for eases of maintenance
Gradients from 1: 40 to 1: 110 will should be use to give

normally give adequate flow velocities.

Locations

are situated

end of line
intersection of sewer
changes in grade and alignment except in curved sewers.

DESIGN CRITERIA :
MANHOLES
The

minimum diameter of manholes constructed from

precast concrete

Sewer dia. (mm)

225-300
375-450
600-750
Drop

Chamber dia. (mm)

1200
1350
1500

manhole

installed to reduce the turbulence in the manholes cause by the

elevation differences.
if the difference between the incoming sewer and manhole invert is
more than 500mm
If the difference between the incoming sewers is less than 600mm,
invert shall be filleted at the corners to prevent solids deposition

DESIGN PROCEDURE
6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

procedure

Network sewer plannning

Sewerage layout plan
Determination of population equivalent
Determination of peak flow, discharge,
type and size of pipe
Determination of velocities
Determination of invert level and outlet
level

1.NETWORK SEWER
PLANNNING
Based

onMS 1228 : 1991 : section 4.3.2 several factors

must be condiser in the planning:
The sewerage pipe must be located in the surrounding area of

the road.
The pipe to be located in private property due to certain
topographies must apply for permission to certain individual
before the construction can begin.
Before any construction work can begin, the layout and overall
existing building, pipe and electrical must first to be determine.
During the construction work, the separation of sewer and main
water should be requires of minimum horizontal separation of 3
m and a minimum vertical separation of 46 cm from water
mains.

2.LAYOUT PLAN
The

system must be drawn to show the location of the pipe

and so on.The process involved of:
Preparing the sewerage layout plan to show the flow of sewerage,

position of the network, size of pipe and position of manholes

Sewer follow natural drainage ways to minimize excavation

and pumping requirements. Large trunk sewers are usually
constructed in low-lying areas closely paralleling streams or
channels. In general, pipes should cross contours at right
angles.

Located pipe

place for easy connection for future user

provide access for maintenance.
accomplished by placing them in streets or other rights-of-way.

3.POPULATION EQUIVALENT
(PE)
number

expressing the ratio of the sum of the

pollution load produced during 24 hours by
industrial facilities and services to the individual
pollution load in household sewage produced by
one person in the same time.

parameter

use to convert the number of person

contributing to volumetric flow rate of wastes

flow

rates are measured in cubic meters per second

calculated

for both existing land use and for

expected future development.

Type of establishment

Population equivalent

Residential

5 per house

Commercial

3 per 100m area

Educational Institutions
- Day Schools

0.2 per student

- Residential Schools

1 per student (residential)

Hospitals

4 per bed Hotels 4 per room

Factories

0.3 per employee

Market (Wet Type)

3 per stall

Market (Dry Type)

1 per stall

Petrol Stations

18 per service bay

Bus Terminal

4 per bus bay

Taxi Terminal

4 per taxi bay

Mosque

0.5 per person

Church or

0.2 per person

Stadium

0.2 per person

Swimming Pool or Sports

0.5 per person

Complex
Public Toilet

16 per WC (water closet)

Airport

0.2 per passenger/day

Airport

0.3 per employee

Laundry

10 per machine

Prison

1 per person

Golf Course

20 per hole

3.POPULATION EQUIVALENT
(PE)
PE

= population equivalent x per

capita waste contribution
PE = population equivalent x 225
L/c.d (1)
Cumulative PE = PE 1 + PE2
(2)

4.0 PEAK FLOW, DISCHARGE,

TYPE AND SIZE OF PIPE

Peak flow
the combination of infiltration and inflow, and wastewater flow.
in unit of flow rate per contribution area or unit of flowrate per pipe

length.

(4)
(5)

(6)

(7)

4.0 PEAK FLOW, DISCHARGE,

TYPE AND SIZE OF PIPE

flow discharge, Qd depends on the pipe gradient

and diameter of the pipe.

Pipe area, Apipe = r2

(3)

Perimeter, P = 2 r

(4)

Hydraulic radius = A/P

(5)

Design

must be Qd > Peak Flow

(6)

4.0 PEAK FLOW, DISCHARGE,

TYPE AND SIZE OF PIPE
Manning

coefficient, n

Material

Manning coefficient, n

Concrete

0.013 n 0.015

Depend on theVitrified clay

selected pipe Cast iron

Brick
material
Corrugated metal pipe

0.013 n 0.015
0.013 n 0.015
0.015 n 0.017
0.022 n 0.025

Asbestos cement

0.013 n 0.015

Earthern channel

0.025 n 0.030

5. VELOCITIES

Full flow velocity Vfull can be

calculated from the pipe discharge
4m/s > V (full flow) > 0.8 m/s

(7)

6. INVERT LEVEL AND OUTLET

LEVEL
Manhole

level

find by ground surface elevation

Fall in sewer = Upper end elevation Lower end elevation

(8)
Sewer invert lower end = Gound surface elevation fall in sewer (9)
However,

if ground surface gradient is not suitable,

new pipe gradient can be proposed

Fall in sewer = slope x Lower end elevation

(10)

Sewer invert upper end = Gound surface elevation - cover of

pipe - diameter of pipe
(11)

Criteria
Pipe gradient, s

Remarks
0.5 % s 4 %

Full flow velocity, Vfull

0.8 m/s Vfull 4 m/s

Discharge, Qd

PF < Qd