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THE OUTLINE
Forces
Newtons Three Laws of Motion
The Gravitational Force
Contact Forces (normal, friction, tension)
Application of Newtons Second Law
Apparent Weight
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Net Force
The net force is the vector sum of all the forces acting on
a body.
What are the
Fnet F F1 F2 F3
other units of
force?
The net force is the resultant of this vector addition.
N1
F
w1
The force directions are as indicated in the diagram.
The magnitudes should be in proportion if possible.
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Translational Equilibrium
8
Fnet
a
or Fnet ma
m
The net force is just the vector sum of all of the forces
acting on the body, often written as F.
NOTES:
If a = 0, then F = 0. This body can have:
Velocity = 0, which is called static equilibrium, or
Velocity 0, but constant,
which is called dynamic equilibrium.
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F21 F12 .
Types of Forces
Contact forces: Normal Force & Friction
Tension
Gravitational Force
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Contact Forces
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Normal Forces
this force acts in the direction perpendicular to the contact
surface.
N
N
w
Normal force
of the ramp
on the box
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Normal Forces
y
Example:
Consider a box on
a table.
N
FBD for
box
Apply
Newtons
2nd law
N w0
So that N w mg
Frictional Forces
Friction: a contact force parallel to the contact surfaces.
Static friction acts to prevent objects from sliding.
f smax = sN
Kinetic friction:
acts to make sliding objects slow down.
Sometimes called Dynamic friction.
f d = dN
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Frictional Forces
17
Tension
This is the force transmitted through a rope from one end
to the other.
An ideal cord has zero mass, does not stretch, and the
tension is the same throughout the cord.
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Example:
A pulley is hung from the ceiling by a rope. A block of mass M is
suspended by another rope that passes over the pulley and is attached to
the wall. The rope fastened to the wall makes a right angle with the wall.
Neglect the masses of the rope and the pulley.
Find the tension in the rope from which the pulley hangs and the
y
angle .
T w0
T w Mg
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F
F
F cos T 0
F sin T 0
T F cos F sin
x
T
F 2 T 2 Mg
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Gravitational Forces
Gravity is the force between two masses.
Gravity is a long-range force. No contact is needed
between the bodies. The force of gravity is always
attractive!
GM 1M 2
F
r2
M1
F21
F12
r
M2
F21 F12 .
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Gravitational Forces
GM E
F
M2
2
r
where g
M 2 gM 2 .
GM E
2
9
.
8
N/kg
9
.
8
m/s
rE2
M E 5.98 10 24 kg
rE 6400 km
Near the surface
of the Earth
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Gravitational Forces
F
Note that g
m
is the gravitational force per unit mass. This is called the
gravitational field strength. It is also referred to as the
acceleration due to gravity.
What is the direction of g?
What is the direction of w?
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Example:
What is the weight of a 100 kg astronaut on the surface of the
Earth (force of the Earth on the astronaut)? How about in low
Earth orbit? This is an orbit about 300 km above the surface
of the Earth.
On Earth:
w mg 980 N
GM E
890 N
In low Earth orbit: w mg (ro ) m
2
RE h
F ma
Sum of the forces
acting on the objects
in the system
m is the
System
Mass
a is the
System
Response
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Example:
A force of 10.0 N is applied to the right on block 1. Assume a
frictionless surface. The masses are m1 = 3.00 kg and m2 =
1.00 kg.
Find the tension in the cord connecting the two blocks as
shown.
block 2
block 1
Assume that the rope stays taut so that both blocks have
the same acceleration.
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N1
N2
w1
w2
F
F
T m2 a
N 2 w2 0
F
F
F T m1a
N1 w1 0
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F T m1a (1)
T m2 a (2)
F T m1a m1
m2
T
m1
T 1
T
F m1
m2
m2
F
10 N
T
2.5 N
3 kg
m
1 1
1
1 kg
m2
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Apparent Weight
Stand on a bathroom scale.
y
N
Apply Newtons 2nd Law:
x
N w ma y
N mg ma y
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N m g a y
Example:
FBD for
woman:
N
x
(1)
N w ma y
N mg ma y
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N mg
ay
1.8 m/s 2
m
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WEEK 4
END
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