Materi Konsep Teknologi-2

Alex Endy Budianto, S.Kom, M.
MTi
Fakultas Teknologi Informasi
AWAS..
DILARANG KERAS
Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

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Understanding the Computer
A computer is a machine that, under a programs

direction, performs four basic operations: input,
processing, output, and storage.
A program is a list of instructions that tells a
computer how perform the four operations.

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Input
The first operation.

The computer performs arithmetic or
comparison operations on data.
Electrical impulses representing
words, numbers, images, or sounds.
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Input
Input is any data entered into the computers memory.
Types of input include:
Data Unorganized information (words, numbers,

images, or sounds) that the computer converts to
meaningful information.
Software Programs transferred from storage
devices to the computers memory.
Commands Instructions that tell the computer
what to do.
Responses Prompts requiring user feedback.

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Input Devices: Giving

Commands
Keyboard & Mouse
Digital Cameras
Touch Screen
Stylus Pen
Wand Reader
Microphone
Input devices are types of hardware that enable you to get

programs, data, commands, and responses into the
computers memory.
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Keyboar
d
The keyboard allows the computer user to enter

words, numbers, punctuation, symbols, and special
function commands into the computers memory.
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Types of Keyboards
Enhanced / Extended Keyboard
Ergonomic Keyboard
Enhanced or Extended keyboard Typically 101 keys laid out in

the QWERTY fashion; connected to the computer by a serial cable.
Cordless keyboard Uses infrared or radio wave signals.
Ergonomic keyboard Designed to help prevent cumulative
trauma disorder (CTD) or damage to nerve tissues in the wrist
and hand due to repeated motion.
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Input Devices
Mouse pointing device
Keyboard
Microphonespeech- recognition
Digital Cameras

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Pointing Devices
Pointing devices enable the user to control the

movements of an on-screen pointer.
They enable the user to initiate commands and to
respond to the active program.
They are used to provide input in graphics programs.
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Types of Mice
PS/2 Mouse
Cordless
Mouse
PS/2 Most commonly used; connects to PS/2 port or USB port.

Serial Not commonly used; connects to a serial port.
Bus Obsolete; connects to an expansion card.
Cordless Uses infrared signals; must be within sight of the
receiving port.
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How a Mouse
Works
Mouse buttons enable the user to initiate actions.
Clicking (left-, right-, or double-clicking) allows the

user to select an item on the screen or open a
program or dialog box.
Click and drag Holding down the left mouse button
and moving the mouse enables the user to move
objects on the screen.
A mechanical mouse uses a rotating ball to position the

pointer on the screen.
An optical mouse uses laser light to determine the
pointer position.
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Other Types of Pointing

Devices
Touch
Screen
Foot
Mouse
Touch Pad
Joystick
Trackball
Pointing
Stick

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Pen
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Speech
Recognition
Speech recognition is a type of input in which the

computer recognizes words spoken into a microphone.
Special software and a microphone are required.
Latest technology uses continuous speech recognition
where the user does not have to pause between words.
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Optical Input
Devices
Digital Cameras
Digital Video
Videoconferencing

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Click on the
picture to play
video
Web Cams
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Other Input
Devices
Fax Machines
Scanners
Flatbed
Handheld

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Processing
Logic
Arithmetic
4 x 4
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The second operation.

The computer performs arithmetic or
comparison (logical) operations on the
data.
Performed at a very high speed.
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Output
The third operation.

The computer shows the results of the processing
operation in a way people can understand.
Data is processed into information.
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Output
Devices
Output devices are peripheral devices that enable us

to view or hear the computers processed data.
Visual output Text, graphics, and video.
Audio output Sounds, music, and synthesized speech.
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Visual Display
System
A visual display system is composed of two parts:
Video adapter Responsible for video quality.
Monitor Displays the video adapters output.

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Monitor
A monitor is a peripheral device which displays

computer output on a screen.
Screen output is referred to as a soft copy.
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Types of Monitors
Cathode-ray tube (CRT) Resemble televisions; use picture tube
technology; inexpensive, but they take up desk space and use a
lot of energy.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD or flat-panel) Cells sandwiched
between two transparent layers form images; used for notebook
computers, PDAs, cellular phones, and personal computers;
expensive, and they take up less desk space and use less energy
than CRT monitors.
CRT
LCD
Types of LCD monitors:
Passive-matrix LCD
Active-matrix LCD
Gas plasma display
Field emission displays

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Monitor
Specifications
Screen size The diagonal measurement of the screen surface in

inches (15, 17, 19, 21).
Resolution The sharpness of the images on the screen
determined by the number of horizontal and vertical pixels that
the screen can display (800x600, 1024x768, 1600x1200).
Dot pitch The distance between each pixel on the screen
measured in millimeters (.22mm, .25mm, .28mm).
Refresh rate The speed at which the screen is redrawn
(refreshed) measured in Hertz (Hz) (60Hz, 75Hz).
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Printers
A printer is a peripheral device that produces a physical

copy or hard copy of the computers output.
Two basic types:
Impact printer
Non impact printer

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Impact
Printer
Impact printer
Dot-matrix
An impact printer is a printer that has a print head

that contacts the paper to produce a character.
It uses ink ribbon.
It is noisy, produces Near-letter quality printouts,
and is not commonly used today.
Dot-matrix Pins are used to make characters.
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Non impact Printer

Inkjet
Laser
The non impact printer is the most commonly

used printer today.
It works quietly compared to an impact printer.
Two types of non impact printers:
Inkjet printer Also called bubble-jet; makes characters

by inserting dots of ink onto paper; letter-quality
printouts; cost of printer is inexpensive but ink is costly.
Laser printer works like a copier; quality determined by
dots per inch (dpi) produced; color printers available;
expensive initial costs but cheaper to operate per page.
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Multifunction
Printer
A multifunction printer combines the

functions of a nonimpact printer, scanner,
fax machine, and copier in one unit.
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Plott
er
A plotter is a printer that uses a pen that

moves over a large revolving sheet of paper.
It is used in engineering, drafting, map
making, and seismotology.
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Audio Output
Audio output is the ability of the computer to
output sound.
Two components are needed:
Sound card Plays contents of digitized recordings.
Speakers Attach to sound card.
Digital formats include WAV, MPEG, MP3, and MIDI.

Click an icon
to play music
Click the icon
again to stop WMA
playing
Beethoven
1:15 min
Try clicking on
Cheers while
playing music
MIDI
Rocky
2:56 min
MP3
Hornsby
48 sec

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WAV
Cheers
15 sec
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Storage
The fourth operation.

The computer saves the data or
output so that it can be used again
later.
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Memory vs. Storage

Hard Drive
RAM Memory
Storage, also known as mass media or auxiliary

storage, refers to the various media on which a
computer system can store data.
Storage devices hold programs and data in units called
files.
Files are stored in directories or folders.
Memory is a temporary workplace where the computer
transfers the contents of a file while it is being used.
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Why is storage
necessary?
Storage:
Retains data when the computer is turned off.
Is cheaper than memory.
Plays an important role during startup.
Plays an input role when starting applications.
Is needed for output.
Devices can hold a large amount of data.

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Storage Devices
Storage devices are:
Hardware that is capable of retaining
data when the electricity is turned off.
Able to read (retrieve) data from a
storage medium (disk/tape).
Able to write (record) data to a storage
medium.
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How Computers Think
Computers use algorithms to solve a problem.

Algorithms are step-by-step procedures.

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The Information Processing

Cycle
Input Processing Output Storage
The computer performs the four basic operations
(input, processing, output, and storage).
Two types of processing cycles:
Batch processing A lockstep sequence used by

older computers.
Interactive processing Initiating several

information processing cycles in a single
session; used by modern computers.

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Computer System
Hardware
Software
A collection of related computer

components that are designed to work
together.
A system includes hardware and software.
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Hardware
Hardware is the computers physical components.
The components include:
Input devices Enable users to enter data into
the computer for processing.
Processing circuitry Components located in the

systems case that transform data into
information.
Output devices Peripherals that show the

results of processing.
Storage devices Used to store all the programs

and data that the computer uses.
Communication Devices Used to move data

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between computers.
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Processing: Transforming Data into

Information
Key Terms
Central processing unit (CPU) The computers

processing circuitry. It is also called a microprocessor.
Chip A wafer of silicon that contains a complex
electronic circuit.
Motherboard The computers main circuit board.
Memory Chips that store program instructions. Random
access memory (RAM) is the most important type.
Expansion slots A receptacle designed to accept a plugin expansion card.
Expansion card Used to connect peripherals

(input/output devices) to the motherboard.
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Components of the
CPU
Control unit Coordinates and
controls all parts of the
computer system.
Arithmetic-Logic unit Performs
arithmetic or logical operations.
Registers Store the most
frequently used instructions and
data.
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CPUs at Work
Control Unit Manages four basic operations
(fetch, decode, execute, and write-back).
The machine cycle or processing cycle:
Instruction Cycle
Fetch- Gets next program instruction from the
computers memory.
Decode- Figures out what the program is telling the
computer to do.
Execution Cycle
Execute- Performs the requested action.
Write-back (Store)- Writes (stores) the results
to a register or to memory.
Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) Performs basic

arithmetic or logic operations.
Adds, subtracts, multiplies, and divides
Compares data to determine which one is larger or

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smaller.
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The Processing
Cycle
ALU
Control unit
Click to
animate.
Click one
time only
Memory

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The
Motherboard
Microprocessor
Keyboard /
Mouse Ports
Printer Port
Click on terms to
view larger images
and information
Memory
Slots
Video Port
AGP Slot
PCI Slots

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Popular CPUs
Intel
Pentium IV
Pentium III
Advanced Micro Devices

(AMD)
Pentium MMX
Cyrix
Motorola (Apple)

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Processing Devices
Motherboard
Expansion Card
Central Processing Unit CPU
Random Access
Memory RAM

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Output: Displaying the

Information
Key Terms
Monitors Display processing results on a

screen.
Cathode ray tube Monitor similar to televisions.
Flat-panel displays (LCD) Monitor that uses liquid crystal
diodes.
Speakers Enable the user to hear the results of

sound processing.
Printers Generate output on paper.
Impact printers Print heads strike a ribbon to produce an
image.
Non impact printers Transfer the image to the paper.

Inkjet printers
Copyright 2003 Prentice
Hall,
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Output
Devices
Monitor
Printer
Speakers

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Storage: Holding Programs and Data for

Future Use
Key Terms
Storage media Includes all types of storage media.
Magnetic storage media Uses magnetically sensitive
material.
Optical storage media Uses a laser beam to scan pits
etched into a disc.
Writing Recording data to a disk.
Reading Playing back information on a disk.
Floppy disk Removable storage medium.
CD ROM Optical storage medium.

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Storage
Devices
Hard Drive
CD / DVD
Drive
Floppy Disk Drive
Zip
Drive
Jazz
Drive
Tape
Drive

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Micro Drive
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Communications Devices
Key Terms
Computer network Two or more computers

linked by some type of connection.
Modem Enables access to other computers by
way of a telephone line.
Network interface card (NIC) Enables
computers to connect to each other in a limited
geographic area.
Local area network (LAN) Computers
connected to each other within a building or
group of buildings.

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Communications Devices
Modem
Network Interface Card NIC

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Types of
Computers
Desktop PC, Microcomputer
Notebook Laptop

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Workstation
Personal Digital Assistant

PDA, Handheld, Pocket PC
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Introducing Software
Software consists of the programs that give the
computers hardware its step-by-step instructions.
Software is created by programmers using a
programming language.
Programs contain units called files.
Transferring a program into the computers
memory is called loading.
Once loaded into memory the programs
instructions are carried out or executed.

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Types of Software
System software
Application software
System software All programs that help the

computer function properly.
Application software All the programs you
use to perform a task such as writing a
letter or browsing the World Wide Web.
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System
Software
System software is divided into two
categories:
The operating system:
Provides support for running application software.
Coordinates the various functions of the
computers hardware.
System utilities:
Are programs for optimizing computer
performance.

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Types of Operating
Systems
Command-line interface Users type
instructions at the keyboard, one line at
a time. Examples: MS-DOS, PC DOS,
UNIX
Graphical user interface (GUI) Users
choose items from menus by using a
pointing device to click on icons which
represent resources and commands.
Examples: Windows, Mac OS
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Command-Line Interface

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Graphical User Interface (GUI)

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Application Software
Application software includes all
programs that enable us to use the
computer in a useful way.
Custom software is developed for
specific needs.
Packaged software is produced for
the mass market.

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Software Suite
MS WORD
MS ACCESS
MS EXCEL
MS POWERPOINT
MS FRONT PAGE
A collection of full-featured standalone programs

that usually share a common command structure
and have similar interfaces.

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The
End

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Materi Konsep Teknologi-2

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Alex Endy Budianto, S.Kom, M.

Fakultas Teknologi Informasi

Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

Understanding the Computer

A computer is a machine that, under a programs

Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

The first operation.

Data Unorganized information (words, numbers,

Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

Input Devices: Giving

Keyboard & Mouse

Input devices are types of hardware that enable you to get

The keyboard allows the computer user to enter

Enhanced or Extended keyboard Typically 101 keys laid out in

Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

Pointing devices enable the user to control the

PS/2 Most commonly used; connects to PS/2 port or USB port.

Clicking (left-, right-, or double-clicking) allows the

A mechanical mouse uses a rotating ball to position the

Other Types of Pointing

Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

Speech recognition is a type of input in which the

Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

The second operation.

The third operation.

Output devices are peripheral devices that enable us

A visual display system is composed of two parts:

Video adapter Responsible for video quality.

Monitor Displays the video adapters output.

Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

A monitor is a peripheral device which displays

Gas plasma display

Field emission displays

Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

Screen size The diagonal measurement of the screen surface in

A printer is a peripheral device that produces a physical

Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

An impact printer is a printer that has a print head

Non impact Printer

The non impact printer is the most commonly

Inkjet printer Also called bubble-jet; makes characters

Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

A multifunction printer combines the

A plotter is a printer that uses a pen that

Sound card Plays contents of digitized recordings.

Speakers Attach to sound card.

Digital formats include WAV, MPEG, MP3, and MIDI.

Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

The fourth operation.

Memory vs. Storage

Storage, also known as mass media or auxiliary

Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

How Computers Think

Computers use algorithms to solve a problem.

Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

The Information Processing

Batch processing A lockstep sequence used by

Interactive processing Initiating several

Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall,

A collection of related computer

Processing circuitry Components located in the

Output devices Peripherals that show the