PUBLIC

SPEAKING &
CRITICAL REASONING
Lecture 1

(I)Objectives, Assessment & Expectations

(2) Ethical principles
(3) Apprehension
(4) Increase confidence
(5) Listen effectively
(6) Introductory speech

GEM2027/ GET1008

Empowers you to prepare

& deliver effective public
speeches

Skills course

Theoretical components:
speech & persuasion

Dept. of Communications
& New Media, FASS (AS6,
Level 3)
2

IVLE Module info

Module Coordinator &

Lecturer: Ms. Cardoza

Tutor pool: IVLE

Facilitators list

The Art of Public

Speaking Lucas, S.
(2011). 12th Ed., McGraw
Hill
(Co-op Bookstore &
Library)
3

Prescribed Textbook

Most popular textbook

used (Basic
Communication Course U.S. Colleges &
Universities)*

content/coverage;
course fit;
book readability;
ancillary materials

*Study (S. Morreale et al., 2006)

Journal of Communication Education:
4

Format
Total

of 6 Lects (+1*) (2

hrs)
*Quiz

(e-assessment):
Week 13

Weeks

3 13:
Tutorial (2 hrs)
5

Objectives:
Develop

public speaking &

related transferable skills

Select

& match speech to

general purpose

Understand

audience &
adapt to them

Gather

& evaluate
information
6

Public Speaking skills

Organise

& develop ideas

into well-structured outline

Choose,

prepare & use

appropriate visual aids

Practise

oral language &

delivery style
7

Rated by employers*
Self-confidence
Adaptability

3.9
4.2

Problem-solving
Interpersonal
Teamwork

skills 4.4

skills 4.4

skills

Communication

4.5
skills 4.6

1=not important; 5=extremely important

*Source:
Job Outlook 2010, National Association of Colleges and Employers

Critical Thinking skills &

Public Speaking skills
Linked in focus & organisation:
craft

message

organise

thoughts

substantiate

claims with

evidence
clarify

ideas:
meanings;
whether fact or opinion
9

Critical Thinking skills

Both skillsets key to:
humanistic

education

(includes communication skills;

belief in self & potential) &
democratic

citizenship

(how to speak up for self & others

as concerned member of society)

10

Develop transferable skills

become

more confident &

manage speech anxiety

become

better listener

adapt

to different audiences &

build credibility

find

& use reliable information

organise

ideas & information

effectively

11

Speeches & other CA components

Introductory

Commemorative

Informative:

15%

Persuasive:

20%

Responder-Critique:

Impromptu

Quiz (e-assessment)
20%

Participation:
15%

15%

Reflective grp project: 15%

12

Speech assessment
Structure/organisation
Content
Delivery

(extemporaneous)

13

Expectations
Be

alert: IVLE updates

Punctuality

for lectures &

tutorials
Attendance

taken at Guest
Lects & tutorials

Timeliness

of submissions:
track assignment instructions

14

Lectures & Tutorials

Respect & Courtesy:

(mutual consideration)

Mobile phones off

Refrain: side-chats & social

media distractions

Active

participation

Ask

to clarify any doubts:

Speak up!

15

Tutorials

Tight schedule

Excusable absence: supported

by prompt official
documentation

Late arrival = absence

Strive not to interrupt ongoing

speeches during tutorials

16

Speech prep. & delivery

Speech time limits stringent

Presentation Outline (PO)

Speaking outline (cue cardskey points)-

Visual aids

Dress appropriately on speech

dates:

boost confidence & credibility

convey professional front:

Guidelines:

17

Expectations

Lecture outline: not

comprehensive note/summary

Input own notes on each point

as lecturer expounds

Track readings cf. Lesson Plan

Why attend lectures?

18

Ethical principles
Moral principles that bind ethical
communicators:

fairness

honesty

integrity

respect

responsibility

19

Ethical principles

Unethical conduct in a speech

may/may not be illegal:
- copyright infringement,
abusive language, falsifying
statistics

Dire consequences: July 2014

Buzzfeed political editor
sacked for plagiarism Twitter
users complained he lifted
sentences and phrases from other
websites without citation

Ed-in-Chief -: Plagiarism,
much less copying unchecked facts
from Wikipedia or other sources is
20

Ethical principles

Research topic carefully:

present both sides of
controversial issues correctly

Credit ideas of others you use

in your speech: do not try to
pass those ideas off as own

Provide sources for material so

audience has information
needed to evaluate its
truth/credibility
21

Academic Integrity

Academic Culture module http

://
emodule.nus.edu.sg/ac/launch
.htm
Plagiarism in any assignment
warrants a zero mark &
sends the culprit to the Deans
office;
second offenders face fines or
other disciplinary actions
22

You are plagiarizing if:

You simply change a few words

at the beginning, in the
middle, or at the end of a
material,
but copy most of the rest

You totally paraphrase the

unique ideas of another but
fail to credit/acknowledge that
person

You buy, borrow, or use

someone elses speech or
essay in part or in whole and
represent it to be your original
23

Academic Integrity

Make good research notes:

is it a fact, opinion/judgement,
your own opinion?

Exercise ethical principles in

every assignment

Cite/identify & acknowledge

*sources and material* of
others

e.g. *data, documents, writings,

visual and audio materials, images:
photographs, screenshots*
24

Speech communication process

Focused,
Involves

organized thinking

relationships among

ideas,
soundness of evidence,
differences between fact &
opinion
Source: Lucas, S. 12th Ed., McGraw-Hill

Conversations
Similar to public speaking:
logically

organise thoughts

tailor

your message to
audience

tell

your narratives for

maximum impact

adapt

to listener feedback

26

Conversations
Different from public
speaking:
level

of
structure/organisation

formality
method

of language

of delivery

27

Stage Fright

Normal anxiety
when you communicate orally,
aware others will observe &
evaluate you

Controlled nervousness:
positive; motivates and
energizes

Action plan: Novice speaker

must work to control it
28

Action plan
You have to practise success.
Success doesnt just show up Michelle Obama June 2011 to
University of Cape Town students

Need to develop habits of

success which are small things
like

29

Reduce Speaker Uncertainties

What should I do?

What am I able to do?

How well do I know my topic?

How will others react?

How familiar/unfamiliar is the

speaking space?

Will the technology work?

30

What impression will I make?

Increase confidence

speaking experience via

public speaking skills training

full prep for speech

assignments

ward vs spotlight effect

speakers think Audience observes
them much more carefully than
they actually do

31

Increase confidence

dont expect perfection:

not out to deliver virtuoso
performance

use communication orientation

motivation (COM) technique
(research-based, scholar Michael
Motley):

focus: get your message

across to audience Not how people in the audience are
assessing you as performer
32

Reduce speech anxiety

build confidence

Visualization -

Relabeling -

Relaxation exercises -

33

Visualization method

picture yourself giving

masterful speech

think through sequence

use positive, step-by-step

approach

focus on what will go right

better chance of succeeding when
you are speaking (research-based:
scholars Ayres & Hopf)
34

Relabeling method

use coping statements for

your physical
reactions/feelings

convert negative self-talk:

I fear my voice will crack >>>

<<<Even if this happens, all I must
do to succeed is continue & focus on
conveying my message!

help yourself manage anxiety:

if your hands & your voice quiver,
tell yourself:
I am really wired/ psyched for sure
success!
35

Relaxation techniques

work on good breathing habits

to reduce physical symptoms
of stress:

meditation breathing:

tension-release breathing
(sighing in joyous relief)

36

Relaxation techniques

abdominal/diaphragmatic
breathing

muscle relaxation exercises:

tense muscle groups for 10 secs.,
then relax them for 10 secs.

focus on what being relaxed

feels like

37

LISTENING -Types & objectives:

Appreciative:

enjoy others thoughts and

experiences
(e.g. comedy routine)
Empathic:

be sounding board to help

others sort out feelings
(e.g. psychologist-patient/ religious
leader -member)

38

Listening
Comprehensive:

to understand, remember and

recall message
(e.g. this lecture hall)
Critical:

to evaluate worth of message;

decide to accept/reject
(e.g. community leader on
initiatives to deal with societal
concerns)
39

Listening Techniques
get

physically ready to listen

avoid fatigue; invigorate all senses

resist

mental distractions -

day-dreaming
suspend

judgement while you hear

speaker out
do not jump to conclusions; listen to what
speaker actually says -

identify

advantages of attending to
speakers
words:
whats in it for me to be attentive?
40

Improve Listening
develop

note-taking skills

(key-word outlines, main points,

supporting evidence)
raise

good questions

(not convoluted;
direct & on topic; respectful)

silently paraphrase
(thinking to oneself)

be attentive to non-verbal
cues (actions speak louder than
words)
41

Focused listening
Listen for:
main

points

evidence

(accurate, unbiased, relevant,

sufficient)
technique

(studying speakers methods

guide you to improve own speaking

review introduction, language used)

42

Your first speech

focus

speech to fit time limit

develop

topic creatively

use

colourful, descriptive
language

43

Introduction

gain attention, interest

e.g. raise questions, use quotation,
make thought-provoking/dramatic
statement

orient listeners to subject

matter:
briefly preview key points you will
discuss

44

Body

select effective method of

organization

limit & focus number of main

points
e.g. Self-Introduction: focus on 3-4
key events that help define you:
your unique experiences

include connectives:
word/phrase showing speaker has
completed one thought ;
between key points;
help audience to keep track
45

Conclusion

signal conclusion
do not be abrupt: frustrates
audience

reinforce Central Idea (CI)

end on strong impactful note

can refer back to Introduction

46

Prep

track assignment instructions

(includes timely submission):

(1) PO: Preparation Outline

(manuscript with complete
sentences)

(2) Speaking Outline

(cue/index cards with key
points)

47

Practise delivery!

rehearse aloud

extemporaneous delivery:

ask friends, family members

for constructive feedback

time speech:
better to reduce content; less risk
of going overtime

48

Presenting your speech

ground feet, smile at

audience (posture; establish
rapport)

use natural gestures

(goal: not to distract from
your message)

establish, maintain eye

contact (scan)

speak expressively
(not the time to be timid or
shy)

49

Reduce Anxiety

take small steps as part of

success action plan

Preparation, Positivity &

Perseverance

review Michael Bays onstage

meltdown

http
://dailypicksandflicks.com/2014/01/0
6/michael-bay-ces-meltdown-video
/
50

TUTORIAL 1

Introductory speech

4 mins.

PO

Speaking Outline

handphone (to record)

51

Introductory speech:

identify key aspect of your

background

explain how it has made a

difference in your life

be creative

show how that aspect of your

background/culture you chose
to explain relates to your
personal life
52

Initial Prep for speech

assignments General

Purpose

Specific

Purpose (SP)

Central

Idea (CI)

53

Prep: first steps

begin

analysis & research on your topic

identify

suitable supporting materials &

how best to organize your ideas

CI

may change as you analyse &

research your speech

54

Topic & purpose

identify

purpose:

General

Purpose:

to inform, to persuade, to entertain

SP:
basis

craft carefully
for organizing the speech

55

Specific Purpose
single

statement

identifies

exact response speaker wants

from audience

avoid
limit

figurative language

to one distinct idea

avoid

being vague be sharp & concise

56

Central Idea
thesis

statement /major thought

simple

declaration: sums up speech

in single sentence

blueprint

to organize body of speech

combines

SP & main point ideas

to develop in body of speech

57

Example
General

purpose:
To inform

SP:

I want my audience to understand

the benefits of volunteering
CI:

Key important benefits of volunteering

are
helping underprivileged populations,
supporting non-profit organizations,
and improving your own self-esteem
58

Tutorials begin Week 3

confirm your tutorial venue

be punctual

get ready to enjoy your

tutorials!

IVLE Workbin:
be alert for Lect_Add materials
-

59

Action:

IVLE General queries Forum

already open

IVLE Workbin:
DIY assessment forms for
Tutorial 1
follow-up discussion

(1) Ethics

(2) Apprehension

60