Welcome

To
Seminar
8.71

Unfruitfulness in fruit crops and its

management
Speaker
Rathod Mahendrasinh J.
Reg. No. 2020615015
M.Sc. (Horticulture) Fruit Science
Dept. of Horticulture
J.A.U., Junagadh

Major Guide:
Dr. M. V. RAMDEVPUTRA
Principal of Polytechnic in agri.
J. A. U, Dhari.

Minor Guide:
Dr. M. S. SOLANKI
Associate Research Scientist,
Dept. of Agril. Chem. & Soil Sci.
J.A.U., Junagadh.

Contents:
Introduction
Causes of unfruitfulness
-External factors
-Internal factors
Remedial measures
Conclusion
Future thrust

Introduction
Introduction
Unfruitfulness is a major problem in many fruit crops and
their varieties result in a huge loss to growers and make fruit
cultivation less profitable.
Unfruitfulness is the condition of inability to bear the normal
crop.
The conditions under which fruit trees do not set fruit to a
desired extent are known as unfruitfulness.
Unfruitfulness is a important cause of low production of fruit
crops.
4

Causes of unfruitfulness
Unfruitfulness can be due to lack of balance between
vegetative growth and fruiting, lack of flowering and
poor fruit set, which is a result of the unfavorable
environment. It can also be due to heavy cropping,
leading to inhibition of fruit bud production and poor
crop in the following year.
The causes of unfruitfulness can be broadly grouped
into two categories:
( I ) External factors
( II ) Internal factors
5

External factors:
1. Environmental condition:
Temperature: High temperature coupled with the relative
humidity and strong wind may cause drying up of stigma and
stigmatic fluid resulting considerable blossom drop eg.
Sapota in summer season.
Rainfall: Rain at the time of flowering washes away pollens
and inhibit pollinators and cause spread of diseases and pest .
Wind: wind affects the pollinating agents and also make
stigma dry
6

Frost: Delaying bud break and blossoming .

Humidity: Powdery mildew in mango and ber usually appear
in cloudy weather.
Light: Light also important in determining the setting and
development of fruits. Light have indirectly effect on
photosynthesis
.
Locality and season : A cultivar may set fruits often in a
better way in one locality than in
another. Factors, viz, soil, temperature,
humidity,
light etc., possibly play a
significant role.
7

Climate
Climatechange
change
Specific chilling requirements of pome and stone
fruits will be affected hence dormancy breaking will
be earlier.
Delay in monsoon, dry spells of rains, and
untimely rains during water stress period, during
flowering and fruit set , are some of the most
commonly encountered climatic conditions

Frost
Frostdamage
damageon
onapple
appleflowers
flowers

2.Water relation:Moisture deficits created in the plant

promote the formation of abscission layers
leading to flower and fruit drop.
3.Nutrition: Application of manures, fertilizers a few days
before blossom emergence is generally believed
to favor fruit set. Excess supply of nutrients,
water may results in rank vegetative growth, poor
flowering and fruit set.
4. Chilling requirement: Temperate fruit plants require
chilling hours for spur formation.

10

5. Spraying at full bloom: Insecticide sprays

at flowering time causes problem.
6. Incidence of pests and disease: These
biotic factors affect the flowering, fruit set,
fruit growth and development adversely .
Mango hopper
damage

11

Damage in mango due to powdery mildew

12

Blossom mildew in Apple

Internal factors

1. Evolutionary tendencies
2. Genetic influence
3. Physiological factors

13

Evolutionary tendencies

Imperfect flower
Monoecious and Dioecious nature of plant

Monoecious situation
eg. Aonla, walnut, pecan nut, cashewnut, chestnut.

Dioecious situation
eg. Papaya, date palm, kiwifruit, kokum, grape
(muscadine) etc.

14

Monoecious and Dioecious plants

Inflorescence of Aonla

Male and Female Flower of papaya

15

 Heterostyly situation:
eg. Pomegranate (cv. Ganesh-1, Kandhari), sapota,
litchi, almond, carambola, cashew, walnut etc.
Dichogamy:
1. Protoandry - Annona (A. muricata), date
palm, coconut
2. Protogyny - Sapota, fig, pomegranate, plum,
banana, annona spp.,
PDSD dichogamy found in Avocado.
Non viable pollen grains favor unfruitfulness
eg. mango, muscadine grape.
16

Thrum flower

17

Pin flower

PDSD condition in Avacado

PDSD condition in Avacado

18

Pollen sterility
eg. - Raspberry and some varieties of apple.
Production of abortive flower buds

eg. - Strawberry.
Pollen abortion eg. Citrus limetoides
Defective pollens ranges 2-10% in mango
which favor unfruitfulness.
19

Abortive flower buds

Defective pollens in mango

20

Geneticinfluences
influences
Genetic
Unfruitfulness due to sterile hybrids :
Degree of sterility is more with the wider crossing.
Hybrids of muscadine grape and various species of
Euvitis such as Vitis labrusca and Vitis vinifera
often produce infertile pollens.
examples :

Triploid apple (Baldwin)

Pyronia (Pear x Quince)
Kamdesa (Peach x cherry)
Citranges (Sweet Orange x Citrus trifoliata)
21

Incompatibility
Incompatibility
1. Self incompatibility:
a. Sporophytic: Mango, Aonla, Cocoa
b. Gametophytic: Ber, Loquat, Apple, Pear, Apricot,
Almond, Cherry.
2. Cross incompatibility: In Mango, Apple, Pear,
Cherry and Plum etc.
22

Physiological
Physiologicalcauses
causes
Poor pollen germination: In case of mango
pistil flower lose their ability of pollen
germination and tube growth within a period
of 12 hours after becoming receptive. due
to high temperature
Poor pollen tube growth in pear and
mandarin.

23

 Nutritive condition of
Plant.
Imbalance of C:N ratio.
Fruit setting of flower
in different position.

24

Management
Managementofofunfruitfulness
unfruitfulness
Cultural practices

Proper nutrition
(INM)

Control of
pollination

Use of suitable
root stock

Use of PGRs

Crop regulation

Cultural
Practices

1. Cultural practices
Practices

Examples

Girdling and Ringing

Grape , and Litchi

Notching

Fig

Shoot bending

Guava

Pruning and Trimming

Apple, Ber, Phalsa etc.

Root pruning

Apple, Peach, Plum

Smudging

Mango

27

Girdling
What is Girdling?
It is consist of removing a narrow ring of bark entirely
around the trunk/arm or cane.
The immediate effect of a complete
girdle is to interrupt the supply of CHO
& hormones so that their level increases
in the parts above the girdle.

28

Girdling
in
Grape
Girdling in Grape

Girdled
Trunk

29

Table 1: Effect of girdling on berry set, berry drop and panicle drying in
Thompson Seedless grapes.

Treatments

No. of
No. of berries Berry
buds /
set/panicle
set (%)
panicle

Trunk girdling

921

Arm girdling

677

Cane girdling

34.31

276

12.6

219

32.34

194

11.4

693

218

31.45

195

10.5

Control

612

71

11.60

49

30.9

C.D. at 5%

1.66

0.81

2.14

0.33

0.72

Hissar , Haryana.

316

No. of berries at Berry drop

harvest / bunch (%)

30

Dabas et.al., (2001)

Table 2: Effect of girdling on fruit set, fruit drop, physical and quality characters
of litchi cv. China.
Treatment

Fruit Set %

Fruit drop %

Non Girdling

35.10

84.89

Girdling

37.52

82.24

C. D. at 5%

0.50

0.86

Note : Girdling done after completion of fruit set by removing the bark of 0.4 cm
width near the basal portion of shoot
Sabour, Bihar

Rani and Brahmachari (2002)

31

PRUNING

Pruning:- Judicious removal of plant part to obtained

better yield and quality.

Objectives of pruning:
1. To remove surplus branches.
2. To open the trees so that the fruits will colour more
satisfactorily.
3. To remove the dead and diseased limbs.
4. To remove the water sprouts.
5. To regulated production of floral bud.
6. To control flowering and fruiting.

33

Table 3: Effect of pruning severities on vegetative growth and flowering in 45

year old mango orchard cv. Chausa
Flowering (%)

Fruit weight (g)

T-1

46.62

208.20

T-2

58.40

210.15

T-3

44.78

204.40

T-4 (Control)

36.14

152.25

S.Em.

1.05

8.33

CD at 5 %

3.16

25.30

Treatments

T-1
T-2
T-3

Heading back up to secondary branches

Heading back up to tertiary branches
Thinning out of Central leader branch was considered as T-3
(Annual observations on tree height and all the parameter were recorded.)

CISH, Lucknow

34

Lal and Mishra (2007)

Table 4: Effect of different levels of pruning on growth and yield of phalsa

No. of
sprouted
shoots/ cane

No. of fruiting
nodes/ shoot

No. of fruits /
node

18.51

18.51

6.81

P2 (30 cm)

19.77

19.77

7.66

P3 (60 cm)

23.21

12.21

8.20

P4 (90 cm)

29.26

29.29

9.18

S.Em.

0.12

0.21

0.13

CD at 5%

0.36

0.67

0.41

Treatments
P1 (ground level)

Note: Four levels of pruning P1 at ground level, P2- 30cm, P3- 60cm and P4 90 cm height
from ground levels
Allahabad

35

Abid et al. (2012)

Table 5: Effect of time of pruning on crop regulation and quality fruit

production in pomegranate cv. Ruby

Time of Pruning

Total no. of
fruits/ plant

Fruit weight (g)

15 Nov.

64

262

15 Dec.

59

250

15 Jan.

51

228

15 Feb.

44

220

C.D. at 5%

4.2

5.5

Mohanpur (West Bengal)

Ghosh et al. (2012)

36

Table 6: Effect of pruning on yield of fruit per plant and yield per hectare of
guava cv. Allahabad safeda

Treatment
P1 Unprunned

No. of Fruits/
Tree

407

P2 Light pruning (20

cm)

490

P3 Medium pruning
(40 cm)

430

CD at 5%

JAU, Junagadh

11.3

37

Fruit yield
(kg/plant)

Fruit yield (t/ha)

60.18

16.54

64.30

17.66

56.16

15.44

2.87

4.39

Anonymous (2013)

Table 7: Effect

of pruning intensity on fruit yield and quality of

guava in mrig bahar fruits

Sr. No.

Pruning
intensity
(cm)

Fruit set (%)

No. of Fruits/
Tree

RS

WS

RS

WS

RS

WS

Yield/ Tree (kg)

62.5

59.8

360

480

46.4

62.2

15

64.0

61.2

430

496

72.2

82.3

3
4
5

30
45
CD at 5%

64.9
65.6
NS

70.1
71.6
3.9

296
270
14.7

430
403
11.3

49.6
45.2
5.5

74.1
69.0
4.7

PAU, Bathinada

38

Brar et. al, (2007)

Bending in Guava

Table 8: Effect of different management practices on number of fruits set per

plant and percent fruit drop in guava
Management practices

Number of fruit set per plant

On season

Off season

Control

130.00

50.25

Shoot bending

246.86

67.33

25% fruit thinning

186.92

53.33

50 % fruit thinning

211.83

48.50

75 % fruit thinning

183.50

30.33

100 % fruit thinning

164.08

28.33

LSD (0.05)

12.24

16.42

BANGLADESH

40

Mamun et al. (2012)

UNFRUITFULNESS
MANAGEMENT
THROUGH CONTROL
OF POLLINATION

Pollinizer :- Pollinizer is a cultivar that donates pollen to

another cultivar
Why need pollinizer varieties ?
Pollen transfer may present an application problem in fruits
which are self-incompatible.
Fruits like apple ,loquat, plum ,cherry, apricot varieties are at
least
partially self-fertile, especially under warm weather, but in
most cases, fruit-sets are improved by the use of pollinator varieties
and bees.
Pollinizer varieties with widespread flowering dates ensure
cross-pollination
42

Pollinizer
Pollinizervarieties
varieties
Apple Golden
Goldendelicious,
delicious,Red
Redgold
gold

Apple
Apricot Turkey
Turkey

Apricot
Loquat California
CaliforniaAdvance
Advance

Loquat

Plum Beauty,
Beauty,Santarosa,
Santarosa,Mariposa
Mariposa

Plum
Fig Samson,
Samson,Stanford,
Stanford,Brawley
Brawley

Fig
43

Pollinizer
Pollinizermanagement
management
In commercial apple and loquat plantings, a row of pollinizer trees is often
planted between every four rows of the main variety of trees (11-33%)
If pollinizers are placed within the row, every fifth semi dwarf tree is a
pollinizer.
In high-density plantings of dwarf trees (5 to 6 feet between trees within the
row), apple or crab apple pollinizers may be planted between eight to ten
trees of another variety in the row.

44

Pollinator :-The organism which transfers pollen from the male to

female floral organ
Pollinator management
Most of the fruit crops depend on insects for
pollination. Ex.: mango, citrus, fig, almond etc.
Pollinating agents include honey bees,
bumble bees, yellow wasps and ants.
Bee hives should be placed in warm sunny locations
to get maximum benefit. The bee colonies should
be placed in groups of 4 to 6 at intervals of 150m.
Fruit set in mango farm has been increased with the
introduction of house flies colonies,
45

Bee hives placement in orchard

Table 9: Percentage of fruit set in loquat varieties, improved golden yellow and
Pale yellow by using different pollinizers

Male

Thames
Pride

California
Advance

Fire
Ball

Large
Agra

Large
Round

Tanaka

Golden
Yellow

Female
Improved
golden
yellow
Pale
yellow

41.46

56.0

43.3

46.6

35.0

50.0

25.0

43.3

50.0

41.6

53.3

45.0

46.6

40.0

1.94

1.27

1.47

2.87

1.23

0.36

CD at 5%
1.56

CITH, Srinagar

Singh and Rajput (2001)

47

UNFRUITFULNESS
MANAGEMENT THROUGH
USE OF GROWTH
REGULATORS AND
GROWTH RETARDANTS

Plant Growth Regulators

Organic compounds other than nutrient which in small
amount promotes/inhibit or otherwise modify any
physiological response in plants.
Example- NAA, GA3, 2,4-D Ethylene or Ethrel

Plant Growth Retardants

Growth retardants are synthetic compounds which reduce the
growth of the plants.
Example- Cycocel (CCC), AMO 1618, Phosphon-D,
Morphactins, MH, Paclobutrazol etc.
49

Plant growth regulators use in fruit crops

Growth
regulators

Response

Fruit Crop

Time of
application

TIBA (25-50 ppm)

Increases the flower bud

formation

Apple

March -April

NAA (10-15 ppm) and

Ethrel

Induction of early and

uniform flowering,
increase fruit set

Pineapple, Sapota,
Ber

Pea stage of fruit.

NAA (10-40 ppm)

Control fruit drop

Mango, Ber

50% flowering and

pea stage

Paclobutrazol
(Cultar) 5 -10 g

Checking alternate
bearing

Mango, litchi, Olive

Aug.- Sept.

Cycocel (CCC)
500- 2000 ppm

Retard cane growth

Grape

After back pruning

(April)

GA3 (10-40 ppm)

Enlargement of berry
length

Grape

After berry set

50

Finding on the use of plant growth regulators to

overcome unfruitfulness in fruit trees.
Fruit crop Growth Regulators

Response

Reference

Litchi

TIBA, KNO3

Increase pollen fertility

Sanyal et al.(1996)

Cultar (Paclobutrazol)

Increase yield

Pant (2004)

GA3+NAA at petal fall

Increase fruit set &

initiation

William et al.(1980

GA4+7 At any stage between

one and 40 days after
blooming

Reduce June drop of

fruitlets

Jackson (2003)

Apple

51

Table 10: Effect of Paclobutrazol and time of application on fruit set and fruit
yield of fruit of Rose scented litchi
Treatment

Fruit set
(%)

Fruit Yield
(Kg/tree)

D1

44.40

46.40

D2

50.26

52.06

CD (0.05%)

1.25

0.84

T1

44.25

46.11

T2

50.28

50.13

Control

37.49

42.61

CD at 5%

1.76

0.91

Dose of Cultar

Time of application

D1 -3ml/tree, D2 -5ml/tree T1 -60 day before bud break, T2 -90 day before bud break.
Pantnagar

52

Faizan et al. (2000)

TABLE 11: EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON FRUIT SET AND

YIELD OF POMEGRANATE CV. BHAGWA

Yield

Treatment

Fruit
Number/Plant

kg/plant

kg/ha

T1-Control

45.00

8.14

7540.73

T2-NAA-40ppm

62.44

16.45

15232.70

T3-NAA-50ppm

60.11

15.06

13942.47

T4-NAA-600ppm

50.55

11.90

11022.49

T5-GA3-40ppm

50.44

11.25

10417.50

T6-GA3-50ppm

47.33

9.91

9173.57

T7-GA3-60ppm

50.66

11.23

10395.89

C.D at 5%

8.51

2.37

2198.68

Note: Spraying done at the full bloom stage

Hiriyur, Karnataka

53

Vidya et al .(2015)

Forceful vegetative growth of cane

Forceful vegetative growth of cane

Growth of cane retard by use of

Growth of cane retard by use of
retardant (CCC)
retardant (CCC)

54

Table 12: Effect of different bio-regulators on fruit setting in

different varieties of mango
Treat.

Fruit set at pea stage (%)

Fruit set at harvest (%)

Alphonso

Kesar

Rajapuri

Alphonso

Kesar

Rajapuri

11.74

11.17

11.33

1.07

0.87

1.04

11.44

10.81

10.93

0.99

0.75

0.92

11.26

10.52

10.54

0.91

0.67

0.82

10.35

9.53

9.77

0.67

0.44

0.49

10.26

9.18

9.82

0.49

0.31

0.43

8.11

6.30

8.56

0.16

0.07

0.17

S. Em

0.32

0.33

0.28

0.04

0.03

0.06

CD at 5 %

0.91

0.93

0.80

0.11

0.08

0.23

T
T
T
T
T
T

Six treatments comprised of bio-regulators viz., Paclobutrazol at 5g. Per/tree drenched in

mid of July (T1), August (T2) and September (T3)]; ethrel 200 ppm (T4 : 15th September
until flower bud differentiation at 15 days interval); KNO3 2% (T5 : Mid September and
October) along with control (T6).
NAU, GUJARAT

55
TANDEL AND PATEL
(2011)
55

Table 13. Effect of Paclobutrazol on flowering and fruiting of mango cv.

Dashehari during off year
Flowering
shoots (%)

Fruit set
(%)

Fruit
retention
(%)

Fruit yield
per plant
(kg)

1-PBZ 500ppm

23.41

35.13

3.11

42.00

2-PBZ

1000ppm

21.34

43.41

3.31

52.14

2000ppm

23.98

33.11

3.49

52.50

4-PBZ

5g

35.18

56.17

3.97

56.11

5-PBZ

10 g

33.28

42.98

3.91

54.18

6-Control

19.14

28.11

0.96

12.14

2.17

5.11

0.23

3.96

Treatments
T
T

3-PBZ

(water spray)

CD at 5%

Note: Application of PBZ at 2 week before flowering

Sabour ( Bihar)

56

Singh and Singh (2003)

APPLICATION OF PACLOBUTRAZOLE

Method of Paclobutrazol (cultar) use

Flowering in off year in Paclobutrazol (cultar)

treated tree

Heavy fruiting

57

Table 14 : Effect of bio-regulators on quality fruit production of pomegranate cv. Ruby

Treatment no.

Bio-regulators

Fruit setting (%)

Fruit retention
(%)

Yield/ plant (kg)

T1

NAA 15 ppm

39.8

40.4

8.0

T2

NAA 20ppm

44.0

48.5

9.2

T3

NAA 25 ppm

44.8

50.0

9.3

T4

NAA 50 ppm

23.2

36.2

3.4

T5

GA 10 ppm

25.0

25.4

5.8

T6

GA 20 ppm

20.0

25.2

4.6

T7

2,4-D 5 ppm

34.0

27.0

6.0

T9

2,4-D 10 ppm

40.0

30.0

7.3

T10

Control

20.5

22.4

3.1

C.D. at 5%

4.6

2.7

0.4

Note: Different Sprayed 3 times at full bloom and, subsequently 45, and 90 days after fruit set.
Mohanpur (West Bangal)

58

Ghosh et al. (2012)

Table 15: Effect of plant growth regulators on fruit drop and retention in Aonla cv.
Narendra Aonla-6.

Treatments
detail

Treatment

Fruit drop (%)

Fruit retention
(%)

T1

Control (normal water)

82.54

17.46

T2

NAA (15 ppm)

76.00

24.00

T3

2,4-D (10 ppm)

76.25

23.75

T4

GA3 (50 ppm)

77.00

23.00

T5

NAA (15 ppm) + Thio-urea (0.1%)

73.65

26.35

T6

2,4-D (10 ppm) + Thio-urea (0.1%)

74.20

25.80

T7

GA3 (50 ppm) + Thio-urea (0.1%)

75.15

24.85

1.72

1.84

CD at 5%
Note: Treatments applied at the pea stage of Fruit
NDUAT, UP

59

Singh and Singh ( 2014)

UNFRUITFULNESS
MANAGEMENT
THROUGH CROP
REGULATION

Crop Regulation
Manipulation or regulation of flowering in a
desired time is called crop regulation or Bahar
treatment.
Example - Pomegranate, Citrus, Guava
Crop regulation treatment include
Root Pruning
Root Exposure
Use of Chemicals NAA, Carberyl
Withholding water for about two months before
flowering
61

Mrig bahar
(June-July)
Ambe bahar
(Februarymarch)

Hasta bahar
(SeptemberOctober)
Season of
Flowering

62

Table 16: Yield and physico-chemical characters of fruits in different

cropping season in pomegranate cv. Ganesh

Cropping
season (Bahar)

Fruit set (%)

Fruit
retention (%)

Yield/plant
(kg)

Mrig

3.99

47.63

5.16

Mrig + Hasta

5.43

55.46

7.37

Hasta

9.26

65.81

10.25

C. D. at 5%

0.99

5.55

2.18

Age of the plants 5-6 year

Godhra (Gujarat)

Raturi and Hiwale (1991)

63

Table 17: Effect of deblossoming on flowering and fruiting in pomegranate cv.

Ganesh for hast bahar

Treat.
T1

Deblossoming
date
7-April

T2
T3
T4

PAU, Ludhiana

Fruit set %
54.8

Fruit
number
57.0

15-April

25.9

107.0

22-April
Control

20.0
14.0

109.5
128.3

CD at 5 %

7.2

44.8
Singh et al, (2006)

64

Table 18: Effect of deblossoming on flowering and fruiting in

pomegranate cv. Kandhari for hast bahar

Treat.

Deblossoming date

Fruit
number

Fruit set
%

T1

15-April

180.0

68.3

T2

22-April

175.0

54.8

T3

30-April

131.3

42.4

T4

Control

226.0

48.5

14.6

12.7

CD at 5 %
PAU, Ludhiana

Singh et al, (2006)

65

UNFRUITFULNESS
MANAGEMENT
THROUGH USE OF
SUITABLE ROOTSTOCK

What
is
rootstock
?
What is rootstock ?
A stump of a related species
which already
has
an
established, healthy root
system in which separate fruit
tree is joined by grafting or
budding.

67

Effects of Rootstock on Scion

Effecton
onSize
Sizeand
andGrowth
GrowthHabit
Habit
1.1.Effect
Effecton
onFlowering
Floweringand
andFruiting
Fruiting
2.2.Effect
Effecton
onYield
Yield
3.3.Effect
Effecton
onFruit
FruitQuality
Quality
4.4.Effect

68

Different rootstock use in fruit crops

GuavaMangoSapota CitrusGrape ApplePeach -

Chinese Guava, Portugal.

Totapuri Red Small, Kurukkan, Olour
Khirni, Mahua .
Rangpur lime, Jatti Khatti
Flying dragen, Cleoptera manderin etc.
Dogridge, R110, Salt crack, Tample.
M-9, M-27, MM-104, Crabe Apple.
Flordaguard, Nemaguard.

69

Table 19 : Effect of various rootstock on fruit yield in Kinnow mandarin

Fruit
rootstock

Yield (number of fruits/tree) after years

14

15

16

17

18

Mean

Jatti Khatti

880
(169)

728
(134)

696
(127)

704
(133)

971
(157)

796
(144)

Karun Jamir

666
(113)

574
(133)

530
(105)

480
(98)

642
(102)

578
(110)

Shekwasha

490
(81)

441
(90)

412
(70)

421
(82)

671
(106)

487
(86)

Jambhiri

670
(135)

592
(123)

556
(106)

613
(118)

876
(138)

661
(124)

Pactinifera

565
(89)

503
(96)

460
(82)

431
(77)

850
(123)

562
(93)

Cleoptra

474
(81)

429
(84)

405
(73)

401
(73)

791
(113)

500
(85)

CD at 5%

186
(32)

122
(27)

NS
(21)

78
(18)

200
(20)

--

Note:- Figures in parenthesis are of fruit yield in kg/ tree

PAU, Punjab

70

Josan and Thatai (2008)

Table 20: Effect of rootstocks on fruit yield, yield contributing characters and fruit
quality
of peach (mean of 2 years)

Cultivar

No. of
fruits/ tree

Fruit yield
(kg/tree)

247.1

16.0

434.1

25.9

Sharbati

148.8

7.7

Flordaguard

219.0

14.5

40.60

2.49

Rootstock
Sharbati

Earli Grande

Flordaguard

Shan-i-Punjab

C. D. at 5 %
PAU, Punjab

Singh et al. (2010)

71

Table 21: Effect of rootstocks on scion fruit yield (kg/ tree) of guava
Scion

Winter season (2004-05 & 2005-06)

Rainy season (2004-05 & 2005-06)

Sardar

Allahabad
Safeda

Mean

Sardar

Allahabad
Safeda

Mean

Pear Shaped
Sindhajli
Behal Coconut
Portugal
Mirjapur Seedling
Chittidar
Banarsi Surkha
Annu Ishakwala

45.34
68.51
46.62
83.89
55.03
66.78
55.22
58.82

46.40
69.50
52.53
72.71
50.01
65.08
58.93
61.93

45.87
69.00
49.57
78.30
52.52
65.93
57.07
60.37

36.38
50.37
36.39
68.65
44.88
53.90
45.36
45.06

37.31
55.50
40.33
61.39
40.83
54.25
47.54
50.22

36.84
53.03
38.46
65.12
42.35
54.07
46.45
47.64

Mean

59.19

59.75

47.73

48.55

Rootstock

C. D. at 5 %

Rootstock (A)
Scion (B)
AxB

PAU, Ludhiana

: 10.36
: NS
: NS

Rootstock (A)
Scion (B)
AxB

72

: 9.53
: NS
: NS

Gill et al. (2014)

UNFRUITFULNESS
MANAGEMENT
THROUGH
PROPER NUTRIATION OR
INM

INM
Integrated nutrient management is the maintenance or
Integrated nutrient management is the maintenance or
adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply at an optimum
adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply at an optimum
level to sustain the desired crop productivity.
level to sustain the desired crop productivity.

Advantages
Provides balanced nutrition to crops and minimizes the
Provides balanced nutrition to crops and minimizes the
antagonistic effects.
antagonistic effects.
Improves and sustains the physical, chemical and biological
Improves
and sustains the physical, chemical and biological
functioning of soil.
functioning of soil.
Minimizes the deterioration of soil, water and ecosystem by
Minimizes
the deterioration of soil, water and ecosystem by
reducing nutrient losses to ground and surface water bodies and to
reducing nutrient losses to ground and surface water bodies and to
atmosphere.
atmosphere.
74

Table 22: Effect of foliar nutrients on yield and physical attributes of mango
cv. Amrapali.
No.

Treatment

No. of
fruits/
shoots

Fruit
retention
(%)

Fruit
drop(%)

Fruit
yield
kg/tree

T1

Control (water spray)

1.10

3.62

96.38

16.25

T2

ZnSO4 @ 0.4%

1.87

6.03

93.97

20.17

T3

Borax @ 0.4%

1.73

5.86

94.14

19.25

T4

Urea @ 1%

2.20

7.35

92.65

17.75

T5

Urea @ 1%+ Borax @ 0.4%

2.39

7.51

92.49

19.83

T6

Urea @ 1.0% + ZnSO4 @ 0.4%

2.47

7.96

92.04

21.08

T7

Urea @ 1%+ ZnSO4 @ 0.4 % +

Borax @ 0.4%

2.53

8.26

91.74

22.03

0.24

0.85

0.85

1.59

CD at 5%

Note: Treatment applied 2 times in month of November at 15 day interval.

Faizabad, U.P

75

Vashistha et al. (2010)

Table 23: Effect of organic & chemical fertilizers on soil composition, fruit set
&
yield of sapota
No. Treatment

No. of fruits/ shoot Yield/plant (kg)

T1

Castor cake

46.25

81.25

T2

50% C. cake + 50% RDF

48.75

84.00

T3

FYM

54.50

85.00

T4

50% FYM + 50% RDF

60.00

92.00

T5

50% G. cake + 50% RDF

44.50

80.75

T6

G. Cake

44.50

78.50

T7

RDF

50.75

86.00

C.D. at 5%

9.82

5.64

T8

RDF (Recommended dose of fertilizer): NPK- 200:80:300 g./tree

Age of the plant: 7-10 years
CHES, Godhra

76

Anonymous (2010)

Table 24: Influence of integrated nutrient management on fruiting parameters of

mango cv. Sunderja
Treatment

No. of fruits/
tree

Fruit yield
(Kg/ha)

Fruit drop (%)

T1

1000:500:500g NPK/tree

229.73

75.90

98.04

T2

T1+Zn+B+Mn+ Ca

271.13

86.27

97.79

T3

T1+Organic farming

320.23

98.00

98.52

T4

T1+Zn+B+Mn+Ca+Organic farming

328.97

106.00

98.47

T5

Half of T1 + 50 Kg FYM +
Trichoderma 250g

287.67

91.90

97.94

T6

Half of T1 + 50
Azospirillum 250g

282.43

95.67

97.99

T7

Half
of
T1
+
FYM+Azotobacter 250g

273.87

96.10

98.17

T8

Half of T1 + 50 Kg FYM+ 10 Kg
Vermicompost

409.6

124.67

98.19

T9

Half of T1 + 50 Kg FYM +
Pseudomonas fluorescens 250g

307.17

97.33

97.96

67.14

19.25

NS

CD at 5%

Rewa (M.P.)

Kg
50

FYM+
Kg

77

Gautam et al. (2012)

Table 25: Effect of fertigation on flowering and fruiting of

Mridula grown under high density planting (32 m)

Treatment

Fertilizer Application

pomegranate cv.

No. of
hermaphrodite
flowers per
tree

No. of
male
flower
per tree

Fruit
set %

No. of
fruits per
tree

T1

100 % of RDF (500:125:125) as soil

application irrigation through drip

41.33

36.68

79.35

32.60

T2

50 % of RDF through fertigation

63.05

55.95

83.37

52.38

T3

75 % of RDF through fertigation

57.70

51.93

83.09

47.50

T4

100 % of RDF through fertigation

52.80

46.45

79.53

41.40

T5

125 % of RDF through fertigation

43.75

40.20

81.54

35.15

6.19

6.12

3.60

5.01

C. D. at 5 %

Raipur ( Chattishgadh)

78

Shanmugasundaram and Balakrishnamurthy (2013)

Table 26: Effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on growth, yield and quality
of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) cv. Kagzi
Treatment Details

Fruit set after

flower
initiation
(days)

No of fruits
per tree

Fruit yield
(kg/tree)

T1-100% RDF (50 kg FYM, 900 g : 750 g : 500g

NPK/tree)

27.67

837

33.41

T2-75% RDF + 5 kg Castor cake/tree

27.00

828

35.09

T3-T2 + AAU PGPR Consortium (3.5 ml/tree)

25.67

737

36.13

T4- 50% RDF + 10 kg Castor cake/tree

26.67

729

34.90

T5-T4 + AAU PGPR Consortium (3.5 ml/tree)

24.83

874

42.42

T6-75% RDF + 9 kg Vermicompost/tree

24.50

822

37.53

T7-T6 + AAU PGPR Consortium (3.5 ml/tree)

23.67

924

46.92

T8-50% RDF + 18 kg Vermicompost/tree

25.17

889

41.68

T9-T8 + AAU PGPR Consortium (3.5 ml/tree)

CD at 5 %

24.83
1.22

917
0.30

46.68
4.95

RDF:FYM 50 kg + N 900g+P 750 g+ K 500g.

AAU, Anand

Time of application : October & March

79

Nurbhanej (2014)

Table 27: Effect of foliar spray of nitrogenous chemicals on flowering

parameter, fruit set and yield in Mango cv. Alphonso
Treatment

Flowering
shoot (%)

(%) Fruit set

No. of
Fruit/tree

Yield/tree (kg)

T1-Urea 1%

52.1

23.3

128.0

32.0

T2-Urea 2%

52.2

23.5

132.0

33.5

T3- KNO3 1%

52.4

23.6

138.0

41.4

T4- KNO3 2%

52.6

23.6

146.0

43.8

T5-NH4NO3 1%

51.7

23.0

118.0

29.5

T6-NH4NO3 2%

51.9

23.2

125.0

31.2

T7- CaNO3 1%

46.9

21.6

115.0

29.9

T8 CaNO32%

47.0

21.4

120.0

30.0

T9-Control

46.6

21.4

102.0

25.5

CD(P=0.05)

1.0

0.6

3.6

1.5

Note: Chemical sprayed at morning hours, from 15 November to 30 December

R. Sudha et al. (2011)
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

Table 28: Effect of integrated nutrient management on fruit set, fruit retention
and yield of aonla cv. NA-6.

Treatments
T1- 1000:500:500 g NPK + 100 kg FYM /tree
T2- 750:375:375 g NPK + 25 kg FYM + 250 g Azotobacter
T3- 500:250:250 g NPK + 50 kg FYM + 250 g Azospirillium
T4- 250:125:125 g NPK + 75 kg FYM + 250 g PSB
T5- 750:375:375 g NPK + 25 kg FYM + 250 g Azotobacter +
250 g Azospirillium + 250 g PSB
T6- 500:250:250 g NPK + 50 kg FYM + 250 g Azotobacter
+ 250 g Azospirillium + 250 g PSB
T7- 250:125:125 g NPK + 100 kg FYM + 54.70250 g
Azotobacter + 250 g Azospirillium + 250 g PSB
T8- 100 kg FYM + 250 g Azotobacter + 250 g Azospirillium
+ 250 g PSB
T9- 100 kg FYM
T10- 250 g Azotobacter + 250 g Azospirillium + 250 g PSB
CD at 5%
Faizabad (U.P.)

81

Fruit
set
(%)

Fruit
retention
(%)

Yield
(kg/tree)

68.10
64.25
67.00
59.70
70.20

15.30
14.70
15.00
13.80
15.80

90.00
80.00
85.00
78.00
95.00

72.20

16.50

105.00

56.00

12.10

72.00

54.70

12.60

75.00

48.20
54.60
8.59

10.80
12.20
1.60

70.00
73.00
13.67

Yadav et al. (2009)

Conclusion

From the above going discussion it can be concluded that.

Among various corrective measure like girdling (Trunk girdling
in grape and litchi), pruning (pruning in tertiary branches in
mango, Pruning at 90 cm height from ground levels in phalsa &
Light pruning at 20 cm in guava) is use to increase the fruit set.
Use of pollinizer varieties for pollen availability and fruit set.
Use of different PGRs like Paclobutrazol @ 5g. a.i in mango/tree,
NAA 25ppm in pomegranate and NAA 15ppm + thiroua 0.1% in
Aonla to control fruit drop & higher fruit set.
Use of bahar treatment like hast bahar (pomegranate) and mrig
bahar (guava) to increase fruit set.
Use of different root stock like jatti khatti in kinnow mandarin
and Portugal in guava.
Use of INM in different crop like mango, pomegranate, sapota,
acid lime and Aonla for higher fruit set.
82

Future thrust

Needtotodevelop
developregular
regularbearing
bearingvarieties
varietiesasasper
perAgroAgro Need
climaticZone.
Zone.
climatic
Morecultural
culturaland
andchemical
chemicalpractices
practicesisisneeded
neededfor
for
More
increasingfruit
fruitset
setininfruit
fruitcrops.
crops.
increasing
Needtotopromote
promoteINM
INMfor
forfruit
fruitcultivation
cultivationaccording
according
Need
Agro-climaticZone.
Zone.
totoAgro-climatic
83

Thank
you