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Organisational Behaviour
Unit II
Personality and emotions
What is Personality?
Personality - All our behaviour is somewhat
shaped by our personalities. a dynamic
concept describing the growth and
development of a persons whole
psychological system. It is the sum total of
ways in which an individual reacts and interacts
with others. Some aggregate whole that is
greater than the sum of its parts.
The dynamic organisation within an
individual of those psychological systems
that determine his unique adjustments to
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his environment.
Personality Determinants
Personality Traits
Enduring
characteristics
that describe an
individuals
behavior.
Heredity
Heredity
Environment
Environment
Situation
Situation
4
Heredity
Factors that were deter mined at
conception - physical stature, facial
attractiveness, gender, temperament,
muscle composition and reflexes, energy
level, and biological rhythms biological,
physiological and inherent psychological
make up of parents. the heredity
approach says that the ultimate
explanation of an individuals personality
is the molecular structure of the genes,
located in the chromosomes.
5
Environment
Culture in which one is raised, early
conditioning, the norms among our
family, friends, social groups, and other
influences we experience.
Both heredity and environment are
important. Heredity sets the parameters
or outer limits, but an individuals full
potential will be determined by how well
he or she adjusts tot eh demands and
requirements of the environment.
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Situation
Influences the effects of environment
on personality, which changes in
different situations. Certain situations
are more significant than others.
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4 Personality Theories
> Traits Theory
> Psychodynamic
Theory
> Humanistic theory
> Integrative approach
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1. Traits Theory
Trait is an the sum of all enduring
characteristics that describe an individuals
behaviour.-observable patterns of behaviour
that last over time.
States that to understand individuals, we must
break down behaviour patterns into a series of
observable behaviour. Gordon Allport, saw traits
as broad , general guides that lend consistency to
behaviour. Raymond Cattell identified 16 traits
that formed the basis for differences in individual
behaviour. He described traits in bipolar adjective
combinations, such as self-assured/apprehensive,
reserved/outgoing, and submissive/dominant.
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Type
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9. Trusting vs suspicious
10. Practical vs imaginative
11. Forthright vs shrewd
12. Self-assured vs apprehensive
13. Conservative vs experimenting
14. Group dependent vs selfsufficient
15. Uncontrolled vs controlled
16. Relaxed vs tense
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Extroversion (extraversion)
Sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Agreeableness
Good-natured, cooperative, and
trusting.
Conscientiousness
Emotional Stability
Calm, self-confident, secure
(positive) versus nervous,
depressed, and insecure (negative).
Openness to Experience
Imaginativeness, artistic,
sensitivity, and intellectualism,
curiosity.
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Extroversion a personality
dimension describing someone who
is sociable, gregarious, and
assertive. ones comfort level with
relationships. Introverts tend to be
reserved, timid, and quiet.
Agreeableness describes
someone who is good natured,
cooperative, warm and trusting.
People who score low on
agreeableness are cold,
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Conscientious - responsible,
hard-working, dependable,
persistent, and organised Those
who score low on this dimension
are easily distracted, lazy,
disorganised, and unreliable.
Emotional stability tests a
persons ability to withstand
stress. calm, self-confident,
cool, and secure (positive) versus
nervous, anxious, depressed,
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Openness to experience
range of interests and fascination
with novelty., imagination, artistic
sensitivity, cultured, curiosity,
and creativity. Those at the other
end are conventional and find
comfort in the familiar.- practical
with narrow interests.
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Criticism
> Some theorists argue that
simply identifying traits is not
enough. Personality is
dynamic and not completely
stable.
> Trait theories ignore the
influence of situations.
30
2. Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic
theory (the uncoscious
determinants of behaviour
Based on the work of Sigmund Freud, this theory
emphasises the unconscious determinants of
behaviour. Freud saw personality as the interaction
between 3 elements of personality, viz., the id, ego,
and superego. The id is the most primitive element,
the source of drives and impulses that operates in
an uncensored manner. The superego , similar to our
conscience, contains values and the shoulds and
should-nots of the personality ongoing conflict
between the id and the superego. The ego manages
the conflict between the Id and the superego.
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3. Humanistic theory
Carl Rogers believed that all people have a
basic drive toward self-actualisation,
(Abraham Maslow) which is the quest to be
all you can be. The theory focuses on
individual growth and improvement distinctly
people centred and also emphasises the
individuals view of the world- contributes an
understanding of the self to personality theory
and contends that the self-concept is the most
important part of an individuals personality.
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4. Integrative Approach
Personality is described as a composite of the
individuals psychological processes.
Personality dispositions include emotions ,
cognitions, attitudes, expectancies, and
fantasies. Dispositions mean the tendencies
of individuals to respond to situations in
consistent ways. Influenced by both genetics
and experiences, dispositions can be
modified. The integrative approach
focuses on both permanent
(Dispositions) and situational variables
as combined predictors of behaviour. 34
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Locus of Control
The degree to which people believe
they are masters of their own fate.
Internals
Individuals who believe that they
control what happens to them.
Externals
Individuals who believe that what
happens to them is controlled by
outside forces such as luck or
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Machiavellianism
Machiavellianism (Mach)
Degree to which an individual is pragmatic,
maintains emotional distance, and believes
that ends can justify means.
Conditions
ConditionsFavoring
FavoringHigh
HighMachs
Machs
Direct
Directinteraction
interaction
Minimal
Minimalrules
rulesand
andregulations
regulations
Emotions
Emotionsdistract
distractfor
forothers
others
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Machiavellianism
Narcissism
Likes to be the centre of attraction
looks into the mirror frequently
extravagant dreams - thinks he is
capable of many things
A person with a grandiose sense of
self-importance, requires excessive
admiration, has a sense of
entitlement, and is arrogant
supervisors rate them as worse
leaders.
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Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that measures an individuals
ability to adjust his or her behavior to external,
situational factors. It is the extent to which
people base their behaviour on cues from other
and
situations.
people
Individuals high in self monitoring show
Risk-Taking
High Risk-taking Managers
Make quicker decisions
Use less information to make decisions
Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial
organizations
Risk Propensity
Aligning managers risk-taking propensity to job
requirements should be beneficial to organizations.
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Type A personality
Aggressive involvement in a chronic, incessant
struggle to achieve more and more in less and
less time, and, if necessary, against the
opposing efforts of other things or other
people.
Type As are
- always moving, walking, and eating rapidly,
sense of time urgency hurry sickness
- feel impatient with the rate at which most
events take place
- Status insecurity (feeling unsure of oneself
deep down inside)
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Type B
Rarely harried by he desire to obtain a widely
increasing number of things or participate in an
endless growing series of events in an ever
increasing amount of time.
- never suffer from a sense of time urgency with
its accompanying impatience;
- feel no need to display or discuss either their
achievements or accomplishments unless such
exposure is demanded by the situation;
- play for fun and relaxation, rather than to
exhibit their superiority at any cost;
- can relax without guilt
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- less coronary-prone
Personality Types
Proactive Personality
Identifies opportunities, shows initiative,
takes action, and perseveres until meaningful
change occurs.
Creates positive change in the environment,
regardless or even in spite of constraints or
obstacles.
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457
Personality
PersonalityTypes
Types
Realistic
Realistic
Investigative
Investigative
Social
Social
Conventional
Conventional
Enterprising
Enterprising
Artistic
Artistic
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Emotional Labor
459
Felt Emotions
An individuals actual
emotions.
Displayed Emotions
Emotions that are organizationally required
and considered appropriate in a given job.
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Emotion Dimensions
Variety of emotions
Positive
Negative
Intensity of emotions
Personality
Job Requirements
Men
Believe that displaying emotions is inconsistent with the
male image.
Are innately less able to read and to identify with others
emotions.
Have less need to seek social approval by showing positive
emotions.
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OB Applications of Understanding
Emotions
Ability and Selection
Emotions affect employee effectiveness.
Decision Making
Emotions are an important part of the decisionmaking process in organizations.
Motivation
Emotional commitment to work and high
motivation are strongly linked.
Leadership
Emotions are important to acceptance of messages
from organizational leaders.
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OB Applications (contd)
Interpersonal Conflict
Conflict in the workplace and individual emotions are
strongly intertwined.
Customer Services
Emotions affect service quality delivered to customers
which, in turn, affects customer relationships.
Productivity failures
Property theft and destruction
Political actions
Personal aggression
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Emotional
EmotionalIntelligence
Intelligence(EI)
(EI)
Self-awareness
Self-awareness
Self-management
Self-management
Self-motivation
Self-motivation
Empathy
Empathy
Social
Socialskills
skills
Research
ResearchFindings
Findings
High
HighEI
EIscores,
scores,not
nothigh
high
IQ
IQscores,
scores,characterize
characterize
high
highperformers.
performers.
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