AWARENESS SESSION ON HVAC

SYSTEM

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29 June-2015

REFERENCES
ASHRAE FUNDAMENTALS-2013
ASHRAE 62.1-2007, VENTILATION FOR ACCEPTABLE INDOOR AIR QUALITY
ASHRAE 90.1-2013, ENERGY STANDARD FOR BUILDINGS EXCEPT LOW RISE RESIDENTIAL
BUILDINGS
Local Standards as per Project Location
Core Design - Unilever

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HVAC SYSTEMS
Simple Split AC System (DX Type)
Duct able Split AC System
Package Type AC System
Air Cooled Type Condenser
Water Cooled Type Condenser
VRV / VRF SYSTEM
Air Cooled Type
Water Cooled Type
Central Air Conditioning System
Air Cooled Type
Water Cooled Type

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Simple Split AC System (DX Type)

Simple Split Air Conditioning system is set of air conditioning equipment package which has single
indoor & single
outdoor unit & also
1.

Evaporator Unit with Copper Coil, Blower Fan, Filter, thermostat, cordless remote control inside
the conditioned space

2.

Condenser Unit which contains Compressor, Expansion Valve, Condenser Coil , Condenser fan
located outside the conditioned space to discharge room heat to the ambient

3.

Copper Piping with Insulation prevents the undue heat losses from surrounding which deteriorate
the capacity of AC Equipment and leads to de-rating.

4.

Refrigerant inside the copper tube which may be R-22 (Chloro-di-fluoro-methane), R410a, R407c.
(R134a+R410a)

5.

Available in Capacity : 0.8 TR, 1.0 TR, 1.2TR, 1.5 TR, 1.83 TR & up to 3 TR,

6.

USE : Small offices, shops.

7.

The initial investment is less for these units but OPEX may be higher depending upon

Ambient Temperature

West wall orientation

Underdeck Insulation if roof is exposed to sun

Type of window selection (Single, double glazing)

Improper insulation to copper piping

Poor maintenance of compressor and condenser coil

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Ductable Split AC System (DX Type)

Ductable Split Air Conditioning system is set of air conditioning equipment package which has single
indoor & single or
multiple outdoor unit
1.

Evaporator Unit with Copper Coil, Fan, Filter, thermostat, cordless, corded remote control inside the
conditioned space

2.

Condenser Unit which contains Compressor, Expansion Valve, Condenser Coil, Condenser fan located
outside the conditioned space to discharge room heat to the ambient

3.

Copper Piping with Insulation prevents the undue heat losses from surrounding which deteriorate the
capacity of AC Equipment and leads to de-rating.

4.

Refrigerant inside the copper tube which may be R-22 (Chloro-di-fluoro-methane), R410a, R407c.
(R134a+R410a)

5.

Available in Capacity : 5.5TR, 11.0 TR, 16.5 TR.

6.

USE : Big offices, Auditorium, Banquette Halls, Classroom etc.

7.

The initial investment is less for these units but OPEX may be higher depending upon

Ambient Temperature

Infiltration and Ex-filtration of air to conditioned area

West wall orientation

Underdeck Insulation if roof is exposed to sun

5 .

Type of window selection (Single, double glazing)

Improper insulation to copper piping

Poor maintenance of compressor and condenser coil

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Package Type AC System (DX Type)

Package Type Air Conditioning system is a single unit of required capacity which has evaporator,
condenser (Air Cooled & Water Cooled Type), compressor, blower and all necessary control circuit in a
single package
1.

The complete package can be located outside the conditioned space which may be shaded or even
open to atmosphere however the proffered location is well ventilated place and covered under
shades which prevent incidental radiations on condenser coil.

2.

Since this is package unit and all necessary piping's are factory fitted located inside the casing does
not require any external insulation to be done by third party contractor on piping.

3.

All the supply & return air duct connecting to conditioned space shall be provided with adequate
insulation which prevent the heat losses, condensation and protection from weather which may lead
to deteriorate the capacity of AC Equipment and leads to de-rating.

4.

Refrigerant inside the copper tube which may be R-22 (Chloro-di-fluoro-methane), R410a, R407c.

(R134a+R410a)
5.

Available in Capacity : 5.5TR, 11.0 TR, 16.5 TR, 22 TR

6.

USE : Big offices, Auditorium, Banquette Halls, Classroom etc.

7.

These are available with Air Cooled as well as water cooled type condenser, the water cooled type
unit has more efficiency as water has more specific heat compared to air

8.

The initial investment is less for these units but OPEX may be higher depending upon

Ambient Temperature, Infiltration and Ex-filtration of air to conditioned area

West wall orientation, Underdeck Insulation if roof is exposed to sun

Type of window selection (Single, double glazing)

Improper insulation to Pipes

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compressor

and condenser coil

VRV / VRF Type AC System (DX Type)

VRV Type Air Conditioning system is a combination of multiple indoor unit and multiple outdoor unit connected
together of required capacity which has evaporator, condenser , compressor, blower and all necessary control
circuit in a package
1.

The complete package can be located outside the conditioned space which may be shaded or even open
to atmosphere.

2.

The piping is made of copper with proper insulation and can be connected to multiple indoor units through
a common header of refrigerant piping.

3.

All the supply & return air duct connecting to conditioned space and package units shall be provided with
adequate insulation which prevent the heat losses, condensation and protection from weather which may
lead to deteriorate the capacity of AC Equipment and leads to de-rating.

4.

Refrigerant inside the copper tube is R410a. This is mixture of two refrigerant (R-32 difluoromethane +
R125
pentafluoroethane)

5.

Available in Capacity : 0.6 TR and up to 8 TR of maximum capacity while outdoor unit capacity is

around 24 TR
6.

USE : All Type of offices, Auditorium, Banquette Halls, Classroom, Hotel Rooms etc.

7.

The initial investment is High even compared with Central Air Conditioning System but it gives advantage
in case of
application with high diversity.

8.

The power consumption varies with respect to load as compressor

has to work less as the quantity of refrigerant varies based on

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Central Air Conditioning System (Air Cooled Type)

Central Air Conditioning (Air Cooled Type) is mostly used for load more than 40 TR in water scarce areas,
the areas where ambient temperature is favourable, and where there is a less space available to
accommodate the Cooling Tower, condenser pumps
The Air Cooled Central Air Conditioning System consist of following items
1. Air Cooled Chiller with inbuilt chiller control panel
2. Primary & Secondary Pumps with or without VFD based on application
3. Expansion tank to be sized based on overall water volume in the piping network.
4. Air Handling Units or Fan Coil Units Depends upon the load in the air conditioning zone
5. Chilled Water Piping and accessories along with the insulation.
6. Primary Refrigerant : R134a (Tetrafluroethane) , R717 (Ammonia)
7. Secondary Refrigerant : Water, Glycol

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Central Air Conditioning System (Water Cooled Type)

Central Air Conditioning (Water Cooled Type) is mostly used in water for almost all big project which has
load more than 40 TR. Here similar to Air Cooled Unit there is addition of Cooling Tower, condenser pumps
in the circuit.
The Water Cooled Central Air Conditioning System consist of following items
1. Air Cooled Chiller with inbuilt chiller control panel
2. Primary & Secondary Pumps with or without VFD based on application
3. Condenser Pump
4. Cooling Tower
5. Expansion tank to be sized based on overall water volume in the piping network.
6. Air Handling Units or Fan Coil Units Depends upon the load in the air conditioning zone
7. Chilled Water Piping and accessories along with the insulation.
8. Primary Refrigerant : R134a (Tetrafluroethane) , R717 (Ammonia)
9. Secondary Refrigerant : Water, Glycol

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Central Air Conditioning System (With PHE)

Central Air Conditioning (with Plate Heat Exchanger) is mostly used along with Refrigeration plant. Here
there is no separate chiller required, only ammonia pipes need to be connected to PHE maintaining
required flow to achieve desired Tonnage.
The Central Air Conditioning with PHE System consist of following items
1. Plate Heat Exchanger with refrigeration plant
2. Primary & Secondary Pumps with or without VFD based on application
3. Expansion tank to be sized based on overall water volume in the piping network.
4. Air Handling Units or Fan Coil Units Depends upon the load in the air conditioning zone
5. Chilled Water Piping and accessories along with the insulation.
6. Primary Refrigerant : R717 (Ammonia)
7. Secondary Refrigerant : Water, Glycol

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Refrigerants
Following are normally used refrigerants for air conditioning Application

Sl. No

Refrigerant

Actual Name

R-22

Chloro-difluoro-methane

R-134a

Tetrafluroethane

R-410a

Azeotrope (R-32 difluoromethane + R125

pentafluoroethane)

R-407c

Azeotrope (R134a+R410a). This is intentionally prepared

for replacement of R-22 as per Montreal policy

R-717

Ammonia

R-718

Water

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ASHRAE 90.1 Key Highlights

The Building Construction for US Region shall be applied as per given zones 1 to 6
The actual zone wise list of places are given in Table B1-1 (U.S. Climate Zones)
Vermont falls under category 6A, So the building construction shall comply with table Table6.5.6 (Building
Envelope requirement)
All the HVAC Equipment under project shall comply with minimum efficiency specified in Table 6.8.1.1
through 6.8.1.13

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ASHRAE 90.1 Key Highlights

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ASHRAE 62.1 Key Highlights

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CROSS DISCIPLINE INTERACTION

Process Team

Instrumentation

1. Equipment List Changes

1. To prepared HVAC Instruments Datasheet and Specification

as per plant approved philosophy.

2. Chilled Water Load Requirement

3. Utility Heat Losses
4. Product Handling open or close
5. Temp., RH, Filtration & De-dusting requirement
required in Process Area.
6. Use of False ceiling and metal duct in process
areas.
Mechanical Discipline
7. Equipment Layout required to finalize HVAC
Equipment & duct route location & co-ordination
8. Motor Rating corresponding to process Equipment
List as given by Process Team
9. Frequent Changes in Equipment motor rating has
to be avoided as it has direct impact on HVAC
Equipment Sizing like, AHU, Chillers, Pumps,
Piping sizes. Changes in Equipment motor rating
directly affects all HVAC Deliverables
Piping, Fire Team
10.Co-ordination Required for HVAC duct & pipe
routing for Sprinklers, Fire Piping & Process Piping
11.FM Standard requirement for critical areas like
perfume & hazardous areas by Fire Team
12.Integration HVAC Panels with Fire Panel in case of
fire Hazard
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2. Approved Vendor List

3. Interaction for Plant Operation Philosophy (DDC / PLC)
CSA
4. To Provide Foundation for HVAC Equipment & cut-outs for
ducts and pipes as requested for Structural Supports for
HVAC Duct and Pipes
5. Equipment, duct & weights to be taken from HVAC and
consider necessary design margin for structure.
6. False Ceiling for All air conditioned areas. This helps to
improve HVAC Equipment performance and helps to
reduce power consumption
7. False ceiling can be avoided if roof or ceiling is provided
with underdeck insulation
8. U Values for construction, windows for natural ventilation
PHE
9. To provide make up water of required quantity for Chiller &
Cooling Tower
10.Condensate Drain & any special application requirement
Electrical Team
11.Electrical Power Supply for HVAC Equipment.
12.Co-ordination Required for HVAC duct & pipe routing along
with Lighting Fixture.
SHE
13.To review HVAC Design , DBR & Datasheets from safety
point of view.

THANK YOU

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