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Emissivity
Surface Emissivity
E ,b ,T
02 0 / 2 I ,b ,T cos sin d d
Emissivity (cont)
,T E ,b ,T d ,
ET
T
0
Eb T
Eb T
To a reasonable approximation, the hemispherical emissivity is equal to
the normal emissivity.
n
Representative values of the total, normal emissivity:
Note:
Low emissivity of polished metals and increasing emissivity for unpolished
and oxidized surfaces.
Comparatively large emissivities of nonconductors.
Emissivity (cont)
Note decreasing ,n with increasing for metals and different behavior for nonmetals.
Representative temperature variations:
Why does n increase with increasing for tungsten and not for aluminum oxide?
Absorptivity
G
02 0 / 2 I ,i , , cos sin d d
To what does the foregoing result simplify, if the irradiation is diffuse?
If the surface is diffuse?
The total, hemispherical absorptivity:
G d
G
abs o
G
0 G d
If the irradiation corresponds to emission from a blackbody, how may the
above expression be rewritten?
The absorptivity is approximately independent of the surface temperature,
but if the irradiation corresponds to emission from a blackbody, why does
depend on the temperature of the blackbody?
Reflectivity
, , ,
I ,i ,ref , ,
I ,i , ,
G
I ,i , ,
To what does the foregoing result simplify if the irradiation is diffuse?
If the surface is diffuse?
The total, hemispherical reflectivity:
Gabs
0 G d
G
0 G d
Limiting conditions of diffuse and
spectral reflection. Polished and rough surfaces.
Reflectivity (cont)
Transmissivity
Transmissivity
Note shift from semitransparent to opaque conditions at large and small wavelengths.
The total, hemispherical transmissivity:
Gtr
0 G ,tr d
G
0 G d
1
1
Kirchhoffs Law
Kirchhoffs Law
However, conditions associated with its derivation are highly restrictive:
Irradiation of the surface corresponds to emission from a blackbody at the
same temperature as the surface.
However, Kirchhoffs law may be applied to the spectral, directional properties
without restriction:
, ,
Why are there no restrictions on use of the foregoing equation?
Diffuse/Gray Surfaces
With
and
Diffuse/Gray Surfaces
02 0 / 2 , cos sin d d
2 / 2
0 0 cos sin d d
02 0 / 2 , I ,i cos sin d d
2 / 2
0 0 I ,i cos sin d d
E d
0 ,b
Eb T
G d
0
G
Under what conditions may we equate to ?
Conditions associated with
assuming a gray surface:
SCHEMATIC: